Category Archives: Ancient Hebrews

Israel’s Problem is the West, not Hamas!

Response to Ayelet Gilboa’s Letter about Hamas in Israel

Проблема Израиля – это Запад, а не ХАМАС!

Ответ на письмо Айелет Гильбоа о ХАМАС в Израиле

When I first read Ayelet Gilboa’s letter, I was shocked to the extent that I initially thought that it was eventually written by an Israeli woman with the same personal and family names as the well-known archaeologist whose publications about Tel Dor (Tell el Burj in Arabic) and several other topics pertaining to the Archaeology of Palestine draw only positive comments and praise. But no! It was the famous excavator and professor! 

UN Palestine Partition Plan 1947

The brief text (1300-1400 words) is not only a personal outburst of emotions that anyone can understand and certainly expect from everyone who happened to be exposed to such an adversity and iniquity; beyond that level, which was perhaps the main motive behind this unusual text, the Letter involved historical, sociological, religious-theological, educational, political, and geopolitical notions, considerations and suggestions that are the main reason of my present reaction and response.

Содержание

Введение

I. Огромный образовательный разрыв между израильтянами и палестинцами

II. Не существует нации без надлежащего национального строительства и национальной истории.

III. Колониальная ловушка была приготовлена евреям перед возвращением (Алия)

IV. Помощь палестинцам стать полноценной нацией с национальной историей — лучшая линия защиты еврейского государства.

V. Либо еврейские востоковеды убьют колониальный «арабский» миф, освободив все окружающие народы, либо вы все будете уничтожены.

VI. Западная колониальная фабрикация «арабов», несуществующей нации

VII. Намереваясь вернуться евреями, вы прибыли жителями Запада.

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Contents

Introduction

I. The enormous educational divide between the Israelis and the Palestinians

II. There is no nation without proper nation-building and National History

III. The colonial trap was prepared for the Jews before the return (Aliyah)

IV. Helping Palestinians become a proper nation with a National History is the best line of defense for the Jewish state

V. Either Jewish Orientalists kill the colonial ‘Arab’ myth, liberating all the surrounding nations, or you will all be annihilated

VI. The Western colonial fabrication of ‘Arabs’, a nonexistent nation

VII. Intending to return as Jews, you arrived as Westerners

Further online search

Introduction

Of course, if Prof. Ayelet Gilboa were a mathematician, an economist or a chemist, I would not be surprised; but her field of specialization, her knowledge of History, and her comprehension of field findings are -all- related to fights, battles, sudden attacks, and deaths. I still remember the noticeable sentence from the famous Anitta Text (the Deeds of Anitta of Kuššara), the earliest text written in an Indo-European language (i.e. Hittite): “one rainy night, Anitta conquered the city” (said about Neša or Kanesh, namely Caesarea of Cappadocia, today’s Kayseri). This is what History has always been: unexpected and unforeseen developments, involving killings and assassinations, destructions and detrimental loss.

A historian and an archaeologist are by definition the people who have to anticipate anything anytime anywhere and under any circumstances whatsoever; otherwise their life quests, interests, explorations and studies are worthless. Beyond this level, several key issues matter greatly and absolutely determine the chances of nations to survive or disintegrate: identity, integrity, cultural heritage, state conceptualization, foe identification, threat contextualization, etc.

Undeniably, there are many other also serious dimensions in this problem, like the perception of the other, the treatment of the other, and the attitude toward the other; if the ‘other’ is your enemy, you can certainly study the case in depth and eventually terminate this mutually disastrous attitude. But if a state’s attitude incessantly generates enemies, that state, however formidable at the military level, will never become viable. It is like killing Hamas military leaders; in real, historical terms, it is not a victory but a failure. Why? Because, quite unfortunately, the Israeli army turns them to Russian Matryoshka dolls! They kill one fighter, but another fighter prompts up! It is futile.

Last, but not the least, all historians and all archaeologists know that there is no ‘problem’ that lasts for 75 years; it is imperative to understand this. There are wars that lasted hundreds of years (Assyrians against Babylonians, Seleucids against Ptolemies, Romans against Iranians, etc.), but the wars were not ‘problems’. Wars are the most common normalcy of human life. It is up to a society and up to a state to decide whether they will live in war or in peace; but there is no peace with a problem that lasts 75 years. This is either a lie or a misperception; in this case, the state is clearly manipulated, managed and maneuvered without its choosing. Then, all the lies and the forgeries, the misperceptions and the fallacies must be unveiled and dealt with, if we want to make it sure that the state is not a product with expiry date.

Papyrus with the text of Wenamun

Following the 7th October terrorist attacks, all the constituent myths of Israel as a Jewish state must be questioned in depth; I use the term ‘constituent’, because I don’t want to be confused with the famous book of Zeev Sternhell. That is why I decided to publicly respond to Prof. Ayelet Gilboa’s Letter.

Dear Prof. Gilboa,

It is with great consternation that I read your Letter; this is so because I had already gone through some of your excellent papers and publications about Tel Dor, notably about ‘Dor and Egypt in the early Iron Age: An archaeological perspective of (part of) the Wenamun report’.

As I have published a book with extensive introduction, comments and the only Modern Greek translation of Wenamun (1992), I found your research very useful and quite enlightening; although I studied Egyptology in France, England, Belgium and Germany, the adventures of Wenamun is a narrative that always reminds me of Jerusalem and Mount Scopus University where I studied precisely this story with Prof. Sarah Israelit Groll back in 1984. She made a wonderful analysis of the famous 11th c. BCE account of travel, and I included many of my notes in my book, which I also dedicated to her. In addition, I had very fruitful conversations with Prof. Hayim Tadmor at the time.

The Greek edition of Wenamun, edited and commented by me; Athens, 1992

My sojourn in Israel at a time no Intifada had started was an enriching period during which I did not only visit archaeological sites and museums but I also observed and studied social, cultural, economic and political trends and situation. I later pursued my researches in Iraq, Iran and elsewhere, but my conclusion about the ensued consequences of the UN Palestine Partition Plan (1947) and the then only 37-year long Palestinian Problem was very somber and dark. It was clear to my eyes that disastrous events would follow and the whole situation would erupt very badly.

Sarah Israelit Groll

I. The enormous educational divide between the Israelis and the Palestinians

It is perhaps necessary to brief you about my observations back at those days, because the same situation persisted in the period of 39 years that have passed since those days. I will start from education because I was astounded with what I observed and you already mention in your Letter three words related to ‘education’. Although Orientalist, Egyptological, Assyriological, etc. seminars and courses in European universities customarily had an international attendance and in spite of the fact that a large part of the local population was Palestinian, all the participants of the seminars of Sarah Israelit Groll were Israeli students; same for the courses of Hayim Tadmor! Not one Palestinian!

I am sure that as an Israeli academic, you understand what I am talking about. The bizarre situation would end in disaster. In Egypt, there are Egyptian Egyptologists, in Iraq there are Iraqi Assyriologists, but Palestinians do not have specialists in the different branches of Orientalism. In fact, there is no National History of Palestine at the level of the Palestinian universities and, even more catastrophically, for the primary and secondary schools. If this is truly disastrous for the Palestinians, it is absolutely calamitous for Israelis. Deracinated people are expendable stuff for all evasive connivers, and by this I don’t mean the state of Israel but the real enemies of both nations. I did not develop a comprehensive understanding of the subject when in Israel; I only collected pieces of data.

However, ten years later (1994), while teaching in Turkish and Northern Cypriot universities, I realized the depth and the extent of the problem; my Palestinian students were very happy with me speaking about their land, the locations and the monuments, but they were absolutely stupefied when I started speaking about the Peleset and their origin, the Sea Peoples and their invasions, let alone the inscriptions on the walls of Ramesses III’s mortuary temple at Medinet Habu. Among my students, there were Palestinians from the West Bank, Gaza, Jordan, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Egypt; none of them knew about the Ark of the Covenant having been captured by the Philistines, none of them had heard anything about the Aramaean Synagogue of Dura Europos (and the frescoes transported in the National Museum of Damascus), the Samaritans, and Palestinian Aramaic.

Ramesses III’s mortuary temple at Medinet Habu, Luxor West

Ramesses III fights the Sea Peoples

The First Intifada had ended and the Oslo Accords were signed (Oslo I Accord), but I kept having a doomster’s idea about the future of that land, not because many among my Palestinian students did not trust the agreement, but on account of their ignorance of their own historical past and heritage, and of that of their presumed enemies, i.e. the Israelis. When I spoke to them about Flavius Josephus and his story concerning the encounter of Alexander the Great with the priest Jaddua in Jerusalem, my Palestinian students immediately asked me whether the Macedonian invader of Iran met with any Palestinian magistrate.

I believe that you can guess that my response astounded them even more; I referred to Eusebius of Caesarea and to his friendship with Constantine the Great. When they heard that the greatest historian of Early Christianity was a Palestinian, they were shocked and proud at the same time. Useless to add that their knowledge about the History of the Islamic World was next to nothing; they knew Ibn Hajar al Asqalani only as a name. The same is valid for Al Biruni, Tabari, Al Farabi, and many others.

Al Biruni, ‘Chronology of the Ancient Nations’

This is the beginning of the problem; as long as this situation persists, all the fights, all the security measures, all the reprisals, and -unfortunately- all the agreements will be futile or superfluous. Have a look at Birzeit University portal! There is Palestinian Archaeology, but the History of Palestinians starts with the arrival of Islam – which is a colonial lie. As you certainly know quite well, the fundamental texts with which their History starts are the Egyptian hieroglyphic inscriptions of Ramesses III and the cuneiform Assyrian Babylonian texts of the 1st millennium BCE (mainly the Annals of the Neo-Assyrian Emperors).

II. There is no nation without proper nation-building and National History

For the Palestinians to reach the average nation level with their National History, it would therefore take an entire nation-building effort involving several Palestinian specialists, historians and writers, who would first write down a National History of Palestine. This was done in Kemal Ataturk’s Turkey, in Iran, and in several other countries, notably Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia. As I have lived in many countries in Asia and Africa, I can eventually postulate a plausible response to the above statement; the serious problem that the Palestinians currently face occurs also in Tunisia, Algeria, Egypt, Sudan, etc. That’s true; in their primary and secondary education, there is no proper, coherent, and effective presentation of their respective past and heritage.

What is even worse with all those bogus-systems of education of the aforementioned fake states is that, in the historical manuals for the primary and secondary education, there is not even proportional presentation of all the historical stages of their past and heritage; it is absolutely ludicrous that in the schools of Egypt, pupils learn about Akhenaten, Tutankhamun, Ramesses II, and Ramesses III, only to be forced to move thence straight to the Islamic times.

Today’s disastrously ignorant and perversely educated Egyptians know

– nothing about the rivalry of the 25th Cushitic (: Sudanese, called ‘Ethiopian’) dynasty with the Berbers (called ‘Libyans’) of the 26th dynasty,

– nothing about the Achaemenid Iranian invasion and rule of Egypt (let alone the famous Darius I the Great’s inscription and the re-opening of the Suez Canal),

– nothing about the Ptolemies and the Romans,

– nothing about the diffusion of Isiac cults and spirituality throughout Greece, Rome, the Roman Empire, and the rest of Europe,

– nothing about the Periplus of the Red (‘Erythraean’) Sea,

– nothing about Philo of Alexandria, Onias IV and his temple, the clashes between the Jews and the Greeks of Alexandria, the Gnostics and the Nag Hammadi texts, Hermes Trismegistus, and the Manichaeans of Alexandria, who constituted for Diocletian a danger greater than the Christians, and many other glorious pages of the Egyptian past.

I could expand more, but I am sure that you understand quite well what I mean. But then, you don’t just have a ‘Palestinian’ problem but also an ‘Egyptian’ problem, and similarly many other problems that you as a society, as well as your present and all the previous governments, failed to even identify, let alone deal with. You did not understand that not one properly and nationally educated citizen would possibly become a terrorist. All these sick and rotten postcolonial societies are made of fake people without national identity, without any sense of their role in the History of Mankind, and without any elementary knowledge about the true History of Islam.

They therefore automatically become expendable stuff in the hands of various local and international crooks, gangsters, and pseudo-Muslim sheikhs who totally misrepresent the Islamic religion, tradition, integrity and history. Then, this is a purely colonial affair in which you and they are taken as hostages of the criminal Western European powers (France and England), and of their successor (after 1956), namely the US.

The Stela of Shaluf, issued by Darius I on the occasion of the re-opening of the Suez Canal – totally unknown to the average Egyptians

III. The colonial trap was prepared for the Jews before the return (Aliyah)

The abysmal truth is that the Western Europeans and the Americans, who always smile to you in order to exterminate you, did not send you back to your ancestral land but to the world’s worst trap that they had prepared accordingly ever since Napoleon set foot in Abuqir, west of Alexandria, back in July 1798. They deliberately produced this educational, academic, intellectual, academic, scientific, socio-behavioral and cultural backwardism and obscurantism throughout the lands that they colonized in the wider region in order to duly utilize the local populations at will.

When the Zionist movement came up with the idea of the ‘return’, it was already too late. You certainly went through the excellent book by Donald Malcolm Reid “Whose Pharaohs?” (University of California Press, 2002); this is a must for every Orientalist, Africanist and political scientist. Amongst others, the book reveals to the non-specialist reader something that is very well known to all Egyptologists: only 100 years after the decipherment of the Egyptian Hieroglyphic writing by Jean-François Champollion was an Egyptian Egyptologist properly formed at last.

This colonial attitude, behavior and environment corresponded to the interests of the French, the English and the Americans, but as you know quite well, they did not live in Algeria, Egypt or Syria; they effectuated brief or long sojourns there. If suddenly things turned worse, they could go back home. Even the Pied-Noirs left in 1962 in a rather anodyne form. But for you this situation can become lethal. You therefore truly need to open your eyes now!

You are not surrounded by Muslims; your ancestors were in the Ottoman Empire, in Mamluk Egypt, in Umayyad Cordoba, and in Abbasid Baghdad. And they lived in peace with the Muslims at the time. Maimonides left Cordoba and lived in Morocco, Palestine and Egypt, but he did not go to France or England. Quite unfortunately, you do not live at the time of Moshe ben Maimon, and your neighbors are not true Muslims but misfortunate people who, after a long period of cultural-intellectual-spiritual decadence and social decay, were defaced because of the colonial rule, impaired by the Orientalists, and fooled by uneducated political stooges, idiotic military officers, and ignorant pseudo-imams. Your neighbors constitute merely a well-produced expendable stuff. You can call them robots, cyborgs or humanoids, if you like, because they are fully programmed to react according to the needs of their colonial masters. They are totally deprived of proper education, nation-building, national dignity, historical identity, and cultural integrity.

So, can’t you see how futile it is to attempt to kill all the fighters and the leaders of Hamas? You will kill 100000 (a hundred thousand) people only to realize that the next Hamas shift will start – eventually under another name, but does this really matter? Will the next shift be made by Palestinians, Jordanians, Egyptians, Algerians, Iraqis or Pakistanis? Would you really care about this? There will always be some expendable stuff to be used by your true enemies, who really enjoy the spectacle from far. Your enemies do not dwell in Ariha (Jericho), Khalil (Hebron), Jenin or Nablus; they live in London, Paris, Brussels, Amsterdam, Dublin, Rome, Canberra, Ottawa, and Washington D.C.

IV. Helping Palestinians become a proper nation with a National History is the best line of defense for the Jewish state

So, it was your fault to move to a place that you had not properly studied and to live in your country, having an absolute disregard of the ‘others’; you should have cared about what had been done to the Palestinians, the Syrians, the Lebanese, and the rest. And it was the fault of your ancestors, who did not notice that the name ‘Lebanon’ is a bad joke, that the country north of your borders is Phoenicia, and that its historical name should by all means be its true national name. In fact, Syriac-Aramaic is the only true national language of Lebanon, and as long as it is not proclaimed as such, the fake state of Lebanon will be a special factory that produces expendable stuff.

You were not the victims of the colonial powers until 1948; but by relocating and living among the highly victimized people of Palestine, by having as neighbors the disastrously deluded people of Lebanon (Phoenicia), Syria-Mesopotamia (Aram-Nahrain), Egypt (Kemet or Masr), and Libya-Tunisia-Algeria-Morocco (Berberia), and by failing to rescue them from their colonial engulfment first for your own sake, you became victims of the colonial powers too.

You may say that the Palestinians back in the 1890s and the 1920s did not show an interest for their pre-Islamic past and heritage; but this is a non-response! Similarly, the Egyptians back in the 1750s and the 1810s did not have an inclination to explore their pre-Islamic heritage, history and identity. It should therefore be your own true concern to explain to the Palestinians that no nation exists without historical identity and cultural integrity. And I don’t speak for the 1950s or the 1990s but the 1920s and the 1930s, because I know that you are fully aware of the progress that the Orientalist studies and disciplines made at those days.  

Over more than a century, you had the chance to contemplate and examine how you would live in peace, concord and cooperation with your neighbors in Palestine and all the surrounding lands, but you failed to find the path; quite contrarily, you truly disregarded them all in exactly the same colonial manner that the gangsters of England, France and America have dealt with the indigenous populations that they colonized.

The very disastrous result was that you wanted to return to the ‘Promised Land’ as Jews, but you arrived as non-Jewish Westerners. The entire problem exploded when in 1969 the then Israeli Prime Minister Golda Meir in an interview with Frank Giles (The Sunday Times) made the paranoid statement that “there was no such thing as Palestinians”. In real terms, the absurd sentence was more lethal than Hamas attack because it forced you to disregard all the Palestinians, to act in your ancestral land as colonial aliens, and to push the undeniably ancient nation of Palestinians to the most extreme forms of resistance, reaction and retaliation.

The problem had already existed for more than two decades before Golda Meir’s disastrous maxim; its earlier form encompassed also the nonsensical appellation ‘Israeli Arabs’ for the Palestinians who stayed within the territory of Israel after the 1948 war, thus becoming Israeli citizens. In fact, there are no Arabs at all! This was the colonial invention that plunged the entire region between the Atlantic and Pakistan in chaos, ignorance, obscurantism and hatred.

Peleset/Palestinians and other Sea Peoples as depicted on the walls of Medinet Habu mortuary temple of Ramesses III, more than 3150 years before Golda Meir’s absurd words

V. Either Jewish Orientalists kill the colonial ‘Arab’ myth, liberating all the surrounding nations, or you will all be annihilated

Actually, there were no Turks, no Iranians, no Uzbeks, no Kazakhs, no Somalis, no Yemenites and no Indians prior to the colonial arrival in all those vast lands. The concept of ‘nation’ in the Eastern Roman Empire, in the Islamic Caliphates, and in the Ottoman, Safavid and Mughal Empires was very different, and the connotation of this word involved totally different worldview and world conceptualization. As you know quite well, this fact goes back in time and it does indeed concern the Achaemenid Empire of Iran and even earlier universal(-ist) states.

However, if the modern concept of nation had to be diffused from the African Atlas to Oman and from North Mesopotamia to Hadhramaut, the national identity at the local level would have to be based on the historical knowledge, the archaeological record, the philological documentation, and the interdisciplinary interpretation of the data. The cultural integrity of a nation does not encapsulate any ideological indoctrination or a theological approach but popular religion, folklore and traditions that may eventually antedate the arrival of the latest prevailing religion. 

Not a drop of Arab blood can be found in the veins of all the various nations of the wider region; similarly not a vestige of Arab culture can be attested among them. 

The Libyans, the Tunisians, the Algerians, the Moroccans and the Mauritanians are all ethnically Berbers.

The Egyptians are ethnically Copts — except for few Berbers in the NW, the Nubians in the South, and the Beja in the SE.

The Sudanese belong to many nations, either Cushitic (like the Beja, the Furi, and the Arabic-speaking people of the central provinces) or Nilo-Saharan {like the Nubians, the Nuba, and the Berta, who also live in the Benishangul province of Abyssinia (Fake Ethiopia)}. 

The Yemenites and the Omanis are the descendants of the Ancient Yemenites and Ancient Omanis, who were ethnically Semitic but not Arab. Ancient Yemenite inscriptions have been deciphered thanks to the Ancient Abyssinian writing and language (Ge’ez), which is entirely Yemenite of origin (and this shows that the Amhara and the Tigray are not Africans, but Yemenites who crossed the Red Sea and settled initially around Massawa). As you know, during the last 100 years before Islam, there were several bilingual inscriptions Sabaean and Arabic, Himyaritic and Arabic, and this shows that the idea that the Yemenites are Arabs is entirely wrong. Simply, they were linguistically Arabized because they accepted Islam; but this fact did not turn them to Arabs, pretty much like the African Americans are not Anglo-Saxons. 

Last, the Syrians, the Iraqis, the Lebanese, the Jordanians, the Palestinians, the Arabic-speaking populations of SE Turkey and SW Iran, the Kuwaitis, the Qataris, and the Emiratis are Aramaeans (Semitic like the Phoenicians, the Hebrews, the Assyrians and the Babylonians, the Canaanites, and the Yemenites, but not Arab). 

In this wide region, the Aramaeans were linguistically Arabized because they accepted Islam; but this fact did not turn them to Arabs.

VI. The Western colonial fabrication of ‘Arabs’, a nonexistent nation

In fact, «Arab Nation» has only been a fake Western colonial Orientalist construction to which the Western scholars attributed any repugnant trait they wanted in order to make it as disgusting as possible. It was an ahistorical, illusory description and an intentional, fallacious fabrication; its use was double.

First, the concept was gradually projected onto all the colonized populations of Algeria, Egypt, Aden, Tunisia, Sudan, Morocco, Libya, etc. ‘Arabization’ campaigns were undertaken for this purpose; but as you surely understand very well, you can ‘Arabize’ only the non-Arab.

Second, colonial lies in extraordinary multitude started being propagated at home (in Western Europe and North America) as early as the beginning of the 19th c. about the Berbers, who were falsely depicted as «Arab», i.e. the fallacious construction that I have just mentioned. Europeans and Americans started then having a very wrong idea about the Berbers.

Locally, in their colonies, the French authorities did the exactly opposite work: through their stooges, they forced the Berbers to stop being culturally Berber and to become something similar to the caricature of Arab that the colonial Orientalists had constructed. For this spiritual genocide to be done the criminal French colonials killed as many Berbers as they needed; they prohibited pre-Islamic Berber popular traditions and sacred festivals in order to tyrannically turn the existent Berbers into something nonexistent: «Arabs»; they did their best to uproot Berber language and to extinguish Berber identity. 

This is the trickery that all the silly political leaders, cruel military officers, fake academics, servile journalists, and ignorant pseudo-sheikhs from Morocco to Oman and from Syria to Yemen failed to detect, let alone understand; but before 250 years, not one man among their ancestors would identify himself as ‘Arab’. Yet, the elites of the colonized nations fell into the trap that the Western colonials prepared for them, thus causing enduring disastrous conditions for their respective peoples.  

– What is an «Arab»? 

– The lawless villain, the filthiest rascal, the most execrable felon!

This is the Western response.

But this concept is unreal; it does not exist.

It is the delusional fabrication of the Orientalists.

Have a look at Delacroix’s Sardanapalus, and you will grasp the extent of the extreme fallacy!

In fact, after Prophet Muhammad, historical Arabs ceased to exist; by accepting Islam, they were culturally Aramaized and totally de-Arabized. All the same, 18th-19th c. European colonials fabricated them and, by tyrannically projecting them onto Berbers, Copts, Aramaeans, Cushites and Yemenites, they carried out multiple spiritual genocides. This claim is not extraordinary because, in the process, the criminal Western colonials exterminated the Berber, the Coptic, the Cushitic Sudanese, the Yemenite, the Aramaean cultural integrity, tradition and superiority which so much disturbed the Europeans and their evildoing. 

Tadmor-Palmyra, a high place of Aramaean heritage

Ethnically viewed   

Ethnically speaking, historical Arabs do not exist either. They progressively vanished after they spread outside the Arabian Peninsula because they settled in different lands and there they intermingled with Aramaeans, Iranians, Turanians, Indians, Yemenites, Copts, Sudanese Cushites, Somali Cushites, Berbers and even Iberians (Spain and Portugal). From another viewpoint, the Arabs became ethnically extinct because many Muslims from various parts of the Islamic World used to relocate and settle in the Hejaz in numerous waves, thus extensively amalgamating with the local Arabs who remained in their ancestral land. This process took place uninterruptedly for no less than 1400 years.

Linguistically viewed

Linguistically, Arabic is a dead language — just like Assyrian-Babylonian cuneiform, Egyptian hieroglyphics, Ancient Phoenician, and Biblical Hebrew. This is easy to understand because the so-called ‘Arab-natives’ (a totally fallacious term) cannot fluently read the texts written by a major author of the Golden Era of Islam, namely Al Farabi, Al Biruni, Ibn Sina, etc.

Classical Arabic was developed as language on the basis of Quranic Arabic and incorporated numerous Aramaic, Farsi, Coptic and other words during the Golden Era of Islamic Civilization. But none of these languages is the mother tongue of any person today. The mixed dialects that prevail from place to place cannot become the proper national language of a sound nation. The so-called Modern Standard Arabic ( الفصحى) is an alien Orientalist construction and standardization, which apparently failed to support proper education in any country it was used. 

Quite contrarily, Berber, Coptic, Afaan Oromo, Mahri Yemenite, and Syriac Aramaic have the historicity and the cultural interconnectivity with the historical heritage of the respective nations and can therefore become the true national languages of those targeted and deliberately divided nations. But then, this great perspective would calamitously damage the interests of France and England; this would be inevitably so, because -to offer an example- the entire North Africa from Siwa to Nouakchott would automatically become an enormous Hamitic Berber confederate secular state the size of Brazil (Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, Western Sahara, Mauritania, Chad, Niger and Mali) with all the chances to become a major power worldwide.

Modern Standard Arabic, imposed by the colonial powers, was then the lethally divisive factor, which triggered educational-academic obscurantism, socio-economic misery, unnecessary political divisions, endless fratricidal conflicts, incredible bloodshed, unprecedented oppression (from the part of the Pan-Arabist idiots) and strong chances for an Islamist drift (and this is what we observed at last).

Culturally viewed

Last, culturally, the Arabs disappeared when they accepted Islam (610-632 CE) in the form in which it was preached by Prophet Muhammad, because in real historical terms, the process of Islamization of the Arabs (acceptance of the ‘new’ faith by them) is tantamount to cultural Aramaization. They abandoned the old Arab idolatrous, nomadic and barbaric culture, and they accepted Aramaean culture with a religion that was slightly different from Aramaean Nestorian Christianity. For this reason, the early caliphates were consolidated in Syria and Mesopotamia, whereas Hejaz remained a marginal zone throughout the Islamic times.  

And that’s why the History of Early Islam has been so much distorted in Western universities where they teach a false, extremist (and quite often Arabized) version of History only to show that the execrable traits of this fictitious «Arab» concept involve razzias (raids), thefts, rapes, conquests, killings, massacres, atrocities, unrestrained rage, uncouth behavior, womanizing, homosexuality, pedophilia, and all the other hideous acts that you can imagine. In fact, properly fabricated in the darkness of the Orientalist ateliers, 19th c. Pan-Arabism and Pan-Islamism are communicating vessels.

As long as Berber, Coptic, and Syriac Aramaic do not become respectively the official national languages in all these states, with Mahri in Yemen, Dhofari in Oman, Beja in Eastern Sudan, Furi in Western Sudan, and Afaan Oromo in Central Sudan, all the useless and fake postcolonial states will be simple playthings pitilessly thrown against one another or multi-divided and ruined. Without having formerly been anti-Jewish, these colonized populations have intentionally and craftily been turned into the enemies of the Jews or of anyone whom the colonial powers intend to involve as per their evildoing and schemes.

Call to Prophethood; miniature from a folio manuscript of Hafiz-i Abru’s Majma’ al-Tavarikh (Compendium of Histories); 15th c.

Because you failed to identify the colonial deeds carried out locally and regionally, you arrived in the trap which was set there and you did not understand that Aliyah would automatically backfire on you, if you did not deploy an enormous academic, educational, intellectual, scientific and cultural effort to liberate all those different nations from the already implanted colonial myths that victimized them. Then, the ignorant sheikhs, who have no idea about the true, historical Islam, and the knowledgeable Israeli academics, who know much but fail to identify the vicious colonial plots of England, France and Vatican, are equivalently and unequivocally driven to mutual calamity, terminal destruction, and undeserved ruination. Can’t you see that?

All the diverse nations that surround you failed to find in you the true ally against the evil colonial powers that had already ruined them; and you failed to find in them your sole valuable partner and protector against the Western forces that mercilessly killed you in Europe and now want to exterminate you in Asia. The reciprocal error threatens you all; the indigenous nations were in a long decadence process, but you had a very crucial problem of identity: the right to the Promised Land, which has -as you know quite well- questionable historical credentials, is not relevant to Law, International Law, Politics, International Relations or Human Rights but exclusively to Religion, namely the Ancient Hebrew Religion and its surviving branch, i.e. Judaism.

VII. Intending to return as Jews, you arrived as Westerners

I don’t intend to reproduce here the vast literature that many modern rabbis like the deferential Rabbi Yaakov Shapiro have created, rejecting and condemning Zionism as an alien system that ‘hijacked’ Judaism (see below); but I am sure that you are well aware of their approaches, analyses and criticisms. There is however an undeniable fact; you, in your Letter, described yourself as “a sworn leftist activist”. The statement is the epicenter of your personal problem, and at the same time, it highlights aspects of the overall problem.

Dear Prof. Gilboa,

I am sorry, but there is no such thing as a ‘leftist Jew’; modern concepts are alien to all religions; the very paradoxical and totally unnatural marriage of Anglo-Saxon ‘politics’ and French ‘Lumières’ with local cultures and regional religions has caused diverse types of wars and conflicts which are entirely due to the monstrous essence of the Western system of governance that we call politics; the maladroit and rogue system is totally unsuitable to all, because it disregards, erodes and eradicates all local traditions, cultures, and popular religions.  

Various types of systems of governance existed throughout Human History; in every land, governance reflected local traditions, world conceptualization, and moral values. The systems were different from but not opposite to one another; that’s why it was easy for Benjamin of Tudela, who was familiar with the tawa’if (taifas) of the Iberian Peninsula, to accept all the locally diverse types of rule and spend time peacefully in the lands that he visited in the second half of the 12th c. But in the colonized and therefore traumatized region where you intended to return in the first half of the 20th c., a terrible shock had occurred due to the overwhelmingly rejected, colonially/tyrannically enforced, Western intervention and brutal regime change that the disreputable Sykes-Picot trash had triggered.

There cannot be ‘Socialist Christian’, ‘Liberal Muslim’, ‘Leftist Jew’, ‘Extreme Right Hindu’ or ‘Conservative Buddhist’; Renaissance, Classicism, Enlightenment and the Western European – North American political system of governance prevailed in those lands as a local reaction against, and rejection of, the earlier normal, natural and historical systems of governance.

What is abnormal in its own place cannot possibly become the norm in another location!

But unfortunately many Jews, returning to the ‘Promised Land’ in the early 20th c., arrived there not as true Jews, but as real Westerners.

How can you not see the enormous difference that separates you from the Sephardic Jews who were invited to the Ottoman Empire in 1492 by Bayezid II?

They arrived as Jews, but you arrived as Westerners.

What do you think the fate of the expelled (from Spain) Jews would have been in 1492, had they arrived in the Ottoman Empire under the mask of a Crusader?

Göke was the flagship of Kemal Reis; before constructing the large ship (1495), he was dispatched (1492) from Istanbul to Spain in order to transport Andalusian Jews to Izmir (Smyrna) and Selanik (Salonica).

Certainly, pretty much like nowadays, the Jews who arrived in the Ottoman Empire in the first half of the 20th c. belonged to different branches of Judaism, movements and systems of faith; but the undeniable fact that many of them were Westernized fully jeopardized your chances of peacefully settling and living with the indigenous populations.

It was only normal for them to consider and perceive you negatively as an extension of Western colonialism or as a second stage of colonial enmity and hatred against both, the Christians and the Muslims of Palestine.

And you, by arriving as Westerners, only aggravated this feeling, whereas if you returned as real Jews, you would be accepted and befriended. As you certainly understand, it is not a matter of Holocaust, because I speak for the period prior to the early 1930s.

By being the least Jewish possible, you turned your potential friends and allies into enemies.

And by being the most Western possible, you served the most anti-Jewish plans in World History; those prepared by your worst enemies.

To further reference the historical past and heritage, I will formulate two questions that highlight the terrible mistakes of the 19th–20th c. Zionist movement, its wrong practices, false visions, and calamitous practices, fully presenting them as entirely detrimental to all the Jews. I do not mean that you should not ‘return’ or that you should move to another land – which was part of deliberations as you know quite well. Quite contrarily, I want to underscore the fact that, as it happens on many other occasions, what is important is not what you do, but how you do it.

How did you not realize (as early as 1882) that, for your Aliyah plan to be easily materialized, you needed the Ottoman Empire to remain intact within its borders so that, as a sizeable realm, it had no difficulty accommodating large newcoming populations?  

Alternatively, and in the light of the emergence of Modern Turkey under Kemal Ataturk (1919-1923), how did you not realize that your Aliyah plan would be implemented with fewer obstacles only in the case of formation of a major secular confederate state named Aram Nahrain that would stretch throughout the wider region, involving the territories of today’s Israel and Palestine, Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Iraq, Kuwait, the northern parts of Saudi Arabia, Qatar and the Emirates?

Such a sizeable, anti-colonial state would ipso facto be a multiethnic, multilingual and multicultural realm in which Syriac Aramaic would be the national language, Quranic Arabic would be the religious language of the Muslims, and the numerous indigenous ethno-religious groups would peacefully live, cooperate and prosper. Only this type of state would offer reciprocal knowledge, equitable chances, and emancipatory conditions of life to all the citizens. Although many Israeli academics and statesmen were worthwhile scholars and renowned intellectuals, there was none among them to think truly out-of-the-box and identify viable solutions for the problems that you faced.

Even now, the forces are there for you to reach out to and work with; but you must first remove the repugnant colonial mask which de-Judaized and westernized you, perceive the History of Judaism in its true, Oriental, dimensions, and finally prefer Nehardea to Rome, Iran to England, Russia to France, and China to America. As soon as you think, speak and act as a Westerner, you are overwhelmingly rejected, loathed and reviled – perhaps undeservedly, but so it is! You have to open your eyes and see!

Either you will die with your Western executioners who think they can survive by using you as expendable stuff or you will survive with your Oriental brethren who think that you want to survive at their expense!

For קֹהֶלֶת (Qohelet, Εκκλησιαστής, Ecclesiastes; 7:23-24) to be proven right, you need to prove them both wrong!

כָּל־זֹה נִסִּיתִי בַחָכְמָה אָמַרְתִּי אֶחְכָּמָה וְהִיא רְחוֹקָה מִמֶּנִּי רָחוֹק מַה־שֶּׁהָיָה וְעָמֹק עָמֹק מִי יִמְצָאֶנּוּ

Πάντα ταῦτα ἐπείρασα ἐν τῇ σοφίᾳ· εἶπα· σοφισθήσομαι, καὶ αὐτὴ ἐμακρύνθη ἀπ᾿ ἐμοῦ μακρὰν ὑπὲρ ὃ ἦν, καὶ βαθὺ βάθος, τίς εὑρήσει αὐτό;

Cuncta tentavi in sapientia. Dixi: Sapiens efficiar: et ipsa longius recessit a me multo magis quam erat, et alta profunditas; Quis inveniet eam?

All this I tested by wisdom and I said, “I am determined to be wise”— but this was beyond me. Whatever exists is far off and most profound— who can discover it?

Best regards,

Shamsaddin

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Further online search

General, introductory reading for non-specialist readership (references to Wikipedia links do not mean acceptance of the contents):

https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/netanyahu-abcs-muir-cease-fire-release-hostages/story?id=104661239

Benjamin Netanyahu discusses the Israel-Gaza conflict

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Dor

https://cris.haifa.ac.il/en/persons/ayelet-gilboa/network/

http://dor.huji.ac.il/AG.html

http://dor.huji.ac.il/index.html

https://whitelevy.fas.harvard.edu/people/ayelet-gilboa

https://haifa.academia.edu/AyeletGiboa

https://www.academia.edu/108723535/Hamas_in_Israel_Letter_from_Ayelet

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anitta_(king)

https://libdigitalcollections.ku.edu.tr/digital/collection/GHC/id/13139/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studien_zu_den_Bogazkoy-Texten

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Founding_Myths_of_Israel

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeev_Sternhell

https://www.academia.edu/49730654/Οι_Περιπέτειες_του_Ουεναμούν_The_Adventures_of_Wenamun

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intifada

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Intifada

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Intifada

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Partition_Plan_for_Palestine

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Israelit_Groll

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayim_Tadmor

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaddua

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eusebius

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_of_Constantine

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Hajar_al-Asqalani

https://www.birzeit.edu/en

https://melc.washington.edu/people/donald-m-reid

https://www.ucpress.edu/book/9780520240698/whose-pharaohs

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pied-Noir

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maimonides

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/There_was_no_such_thing_as_Palestinians

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_citizens_of_Israel#Terminology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seif_el-Din_el-Zoubi

https://www.academia.edu/25491609/The_Aramaeans_rise_will_transfigure_the_Middle_Eastern_Chessboard_2005_by_Prof_Muhammad_Shamsaddin_Megalommatis

https://www.academia.edu/25552905/Islam_the_Cultural_Aramaization_of_the_Arabs_by_Prof_Muhammad_Shamsaddin_Megalommatis

https://www.academia.edu/25553198/Aramaeans_vs_Arabs_The_fight_between_Civilization_and_Barbarism_within_Islam_by_Prof_Muhammad_Shamsaddin_Megalommatis

https://www.academia.edu/25606449/Syria_A_Non_Arabic_Aramaean_Country_Ruled_by_the_Pan_Arabist_Puppets_of_Zionism_and_Freemasonry

https://www.academia.edu/24440061/Arab_Nation_Hoax_Geared_to_Falsify_Islamic_History_Ruin_Varied_Nations_disfiguratively_Named_Arab_by_Prof_Muhammad_Shamsaddin_Megalommatis

Has Zionism Hijacked Judaism. – Rabbi Yaakov Shapiro https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NQ-tRrKeAfQ

https://www.academia.edu/50114362/Βενιαμίν_εκ_Τουδέλης_Το_Βιβλίο_των_Ταξειδίων_Benjamin_of_Tudela_The_Book_of_the_Travels

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_of_Tudela

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taifa

https://www.aa.com.tr/en/europe/ottoman-lands-provided-safe-haven-for-sephardic-jews-expelled-from-spain/2651488

www myjewishlearning.com/article/the-ottoman-empire/

https://www.jstor.org/stable/4328794

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Ottoman_Empire#Influx_of_Sephardic_Jews_from_Iberia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alhambra_Decree

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayezid_II#Jewish_and_Muslim_immigration

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Download the article (text only) in PDF:

Download the article (with pictures and legends) in PDF:

Antiquity & Eschatology of Freemasonic, Jesuit & Zionist Orders as Vector of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict

Античность и эсхатология масонских, иезуитских и сионистских орденов как вектор израильско-палестинского конфликта – I

One of World History’s most important texts: the Malediction of Akkad; 18th c. BCE copy of an earlier original, found in Babylon. The text details the calamitous results of human contact with the unclean nation Guti and the subsequent collapse of Akkad, i.e. the world’s first empire, which brought about the Flood.

https://collections.louvre.fr/ark:/53355/cl010167577

In a first article titled ‘Palestinians vs. Israelis: 11 Hidden Historical Truths about a Futile War’, I expanded briefly on crucial historical points that the Palestinians and the entire world do not know concerning first the History of the kingdoms of Ancient Israel and Judah and second the identity of today’s so-called Jews whose outright majority (85-90%), namely the Ashkenazi Khazarians, by all means are not Jews ethnically, linguistically, culturally and religiously. I also pointed out that even the Sephardic Jews, who make ca. 10-15% of the so-called World Jewry, are not entitled to the Promised Land (i.e. Palestine) as per historical evidence; furthermore, I made it clear that the Sephardim do not constitute part of the Chosen People (i.e. the ten lost tribes of Ancient Israel) whose ‘return’ was indeed prophesied in the Old Testament. The article can be found here: https://www.academia.edu/107952726/Palestinians_vs_Israelis_11_Hidden_Historical_Truths_about_a_Futile_War

In a second article titled ‘Israelis vs. Palestinians: 6 Concealed Historical Truths about the Lost Wars’, I first explored the diverse, spiritual and moral conditions of national resistance and then presented critical historical and socio-political issues that impact the Palestinians and affect their struggle for national independence. I demonstrated that the Palestinian Islamists are the best accomplices of the Israeli Zionists in the sense that, by plunging their persecuted nation into ignorance, colonial falsehood, and lack of self-criticism, they turn the entirely deracinated nation of Palestinians into expendable material for the agendas of several Western governments and secret organizations. The article can be found here:

https://www.academia.edu/108059819/Israelis_vs_Palestinians_6_Concealed_Historical_Truths_about_the_Lost_Wars

Contents

Introduction

I. Why Jesuits, Freemasons and Zionists cannot have or believe in a religion

II. Jesuits, Freemasons and Zionists vs. Islam, Christianity and Judaism

III. The Oriental Antiquity of the Freemasons

IV. The Oriental Antiquity of the Jesuit Order

V. The Zionists before Judaism

VI. The Mesopotamian Kassite Origin of the Zionists

VII. The Kassites and the Abomination of Marduk-Yahweh

VIII. The Guti, the Kassites, the Flood, and Zionism 

IX. Guti, Kassites, Gog & Magog, Unclean Nations, and Alexander the Great

X. Jews, Fake Jews, Alexander the Great, the Seleucid Dynasty, and Flavius Josephus

XI. Jews, Fake Jews, Pharisees, Sadducees, Essenes, and the Romans 

XII. Gog, Khazars, and Ashkenazi Zionism 

Содержание

Введение

I. Почему иезуиты, масоны и сионисты не могут иметь религию или верить в нее

II. Иезуиты, масоны и сионисты против ислама, христианства и иудаизма

III. Восточная древность масонов

IV. Восточная древность ордена иезуитов

V. Сионисты до иудаизма

VI. Месопотамское касситское происхождение сионистов

VII. Касситы и мерзость Мардука-Яхве

VIII. Гути, касситы, Потоп и сионизм

IX. Гути, касситы, Гог и Магог, Нечистые народы и Александр Македонский

X. Евреи, фальшивые евреи, Александр Македонский, династия Селевкидов и Иосиф Флавий.

XI. Евреи, фальшивые евреи, фарисеи, саддукеи, ессеи и римляне

XII. Гог, хазары и ашкеназский сионизм

Introduction

In the present article, I will expand on issues pertaining to the divergent Western agendas about Jerusalem and the ‘Promised Land’; it is essential to keep in mind that these secret plans and projects, which have been implemented already over the past centuries, are not ‘political’, ‘ideological’ or ‘philosophical’ of nature, but spiritual, religious and more particularly eschatological-messianic-soteriological. However, they cannot be truly comprehended without a deep understanding of the antiquity of the secret orders, which fight against one another in order to implement their eschatological schedules that are at the very antipodes of one another. 

For a more effective comprehension of the nature of the three secret orders and of the clash of their respective agendas, an earlier article published in 2017 would help:

Zionist – Freemasonic – Jesuit Agendas in Conflict or Superposition: End Times’ Sequence & Trajectories; https://megalommatis.wordpress.com/2017/06/08/zionist-freemasonic-jesuit-agendas-in-conflict-or-superposition-end-times-sequence-trajectories/ https://www.academia.edu/33381068/Zionist_Freemasonic_Jesuit_Agendas_in_Conflict_or_Superposition_End_Times_Sequence_and_Trajectories

Because of the aforementioned statement, several clarifications are needed. When I speak of ‘religious’ agendas, I do not -by all means- suggest that these schemes are Islamic, Christian (all denominations included) and Jewish (or Judaic). Jesuits, Freemasons and Zionists can invariably be Jews, Christians and Muslims, pretty much like they may appear in public as Buddhists, Taoists, Sikhs, agnostics, irreligious or atheists; these details depend exclusively on the assignment entrusted to the initiate by his venerable.

Are Societas Jesu, the diverse Freemasonic orders and lodges, and the different Zionist synagogues religious organizations that preach independent religions and systems of faith among their adepts and initiates?

I. Why Jesuits, Freemasons and Zionists cannot have or believe in a religion

The response to this question is very intricate; it hinges on the differences between spirituality, religion, moral, cult, popular religion, and theology. In fact, all three secret societies abhor moral, cult, popular religion and folk traditions; in addition, they don’t need theology. As they function as secret societies, they initiate their members and they extract most of the spiritual and material energy and dynamism that are inherent in them while assigning them tasks to carry out; they also promote them according to their spiritual skills. Spiritual potency is their top secret that they keep sealed off; to avoid infiltration, they incessantly work closely with different spiritual hierarchies and they initiate their members, taking them from lies to lies and sharing with them the portion of spiritual truth that corresponds to their respective grades.

Of the existing, publicly known religions, all three secret societies have a very low opinion that they hide by expressing recognition and respect in public, although in the case of Zionism these feelings are rather pale. One should not confuse between Jewish religion and the Zionist synagogue; the latter has developed a truly profane reading of the Hebrew Bible.

That’s why those among the members of the three secret societies, who reject the assumption that each of the said organizations preaches a religion, are in right. If we take into consideration the succinct and very analytical definition of ‘religion’ that I presented in my article ‘Anatolia and Turkey: Spirituality, Moral, Culture, Legend, Popular Religion, Governance, Religion, Theology & Politics’ (p. 27/64 of the PDF; https://www.academia.edu/89267447/Anatolia_and_Turkey_Spirituality_Moral_Culture_Legend_Popular_Religion_Governance_Religion_Theology_and_Politics), then certainly Societas Jesu, the Freemasonic orders and lodges, and the Zionist synagogues do not preach a ‘religion’, and they are not religious organizations.

In fact, these organizations are not compatible with any religion; the reason is simple: every religion is for a people, whereas these segregations can only exist as a direct denial of the notion of ‘people’, because in every case of a people or nation, the non-members (of the secret societies) are the outcasts who are labeled as ‘profane’, ‘vulgar’ and ‘indecent’. These secretive orders believe that they constitute the ‘elite’; this is an evil, viciously anti-Godly notion that did not exist in the History of Mankind.

As ahistorical concept, the ‘elite’ is the ultimate corruption generator, as it consists in the most solemn introduction of Injustice among humans. Prior to the formation of these groups, there was absolutely no notion of ‘elite’ in any nation and in any language worldwide, because every emperor or king was a brave combatant who used to fight along with all the other soldiers to defend or expand their realm. All royal rulers were fraternal with their respective fighters and people in general.

In Ancient Egypt, the initiation of apprentice priests and mystics did not bring about any social disconnection and differentiation from the rest. As spiritual process, it took the form of impersonation of aspects of the divine from the initiate, who had to imitate the divine trait, radiate it in his life, and explore its endless forms. In striking contrast to modern practices, the fear of God instilled a feeling of expansion, not contraction in the souls of the novice.

The idea of ‘elite’ is direct rejection of the concept of Creation, because it suggests that God made a mistake and He should have created two Adams instead, one being the forefather of the elite (or superior race), and another belonging to the average people. By accepting the existence of elites, every faithful becomes instantaneously infidel, because such an approach is tantamount to blasphemy, irrespective of the religion of the person.

How can we then accurately and succinctly define these secretive orders?

II. Jesuits, Freemasons and Zionists vs. Islam, Christianity and Judaism

Societas Jesu, the Freemasonic orders and lodges, and the Zionist synagogues are forces that contend to break the unity of soul, mind and body in every human in order to enslave all the people of every country where they extend their activities. The nature of their endeavors is primarily spiritual, and their target is to achieve spiritual potency, acquire knowledge, and garner material force in order to effectuate their agendas. They therefore function as pyramidal hierarchies, which is spiritually and morally intolerable, and -even worse- export their sick and evil pattern to the societies where they exist, inevitably turning them to hierarchical pyramids. In doing so, they incessantly distort the historical past of all nations in order to effectively adjust it to their anomaly.

If the three orders do not preach any but revile all the religions, this is due to their traumatic spirituality that they inevitably, incessantly and irreversibly attempt to vindicate, being unable to perceive reality sentimentally. The traumatic experience that their members undergo at the spiritual level is at the origin of their absolute inadaptability to religion. This is their ‘initiation’, which is entirely different from historically attested cases of sacerdotal initiation in Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia.

Viewing things differently, one could offer an invariable definition; the religion of the Jesuits, the Freemasons, and the Zionists is imperfect and incomplete. This is so because their initiation(s) is(are) always a case of spiritual dispossession followed by mystical inhabitation, which is more commonly known as demonic enslavement. This process terminates their sentimental life, inevitably engulfing them in incessant biases which are all due to the demoniacal nature of their spiritual protectors who inhabit them.

However, quite unfortunately for them, all three secret orders are inextricably related to two religions; i.e. Ancient Hebrew religion (including the derivative form of Judaism) and Christianity (notably the Catholic and Protestant versions of this faith). That is why in the countries where these organizations prevailed, there is much discussion about, propaganda for, and pride in the false concept of ‘Judeo-Christian civilization’. This is part of the falsehood that they ‘teach’ and diffuse worldwide.

For some of their earlier forms of religious order that the Freemasons had created, one can ascertain that those organizations were also related to Orthodox Christianity, notably the nuclei of several Eastern Roman Constantinopolitan chariot racing factions: the Russati/Ρούσσοι and the Albati/Λευκοί). The same can be concluded about Islam with respect to the early Mutazilla or Mu’tazilites (المعتزلة), the Brethren of Purity (Ikhwan al-Safa; إخوان‌ الصفا), and some branches of Isma’ilis (الإسماعيلية) or Isma’ilites.

Double-leaf frontispiece from the “Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity”; from Baghdad, 1287 (today in Süleymaniye Library)

The relation that the Jesuits, the Freemasons, and the Zionists have had with these two religions hinges mainly on the associated sacred texts, namely the Hebrew Bible (Old Testament), the Talmud, and the New Testament. It goes without saying that all modern conflicts and polarizations about the numerous translations (to modern languages) which were produced, and in particular those of the Old Testament, hinge on the quarrel among these three orders about the correct and authentic interpretation of the ancient text. KJV (King James Version) is a particularly biased translation that involves thousands of distortions and misinterpretations; it cannot possibly be used as a fair point of reference by anyone except the Freemasons.

As a matter of fact, one of the best and most accurate definitions that one can create about each of the three secret societies is that they are “an often biased but publicly unknown, purposefully different reading of the sacred texts”. Actually, these are not theoretical but practical differences that emanate from the contrasts which exist in the respective eschatological, soteriological and messianic agendas; it is evident that those preconceived agendas dictate actually the reading and the ensuing translations.

This explains both, the eschatological-messianic-soteriological nature of their respective agendas (the sacred texts comprise similar notions indeed) and the systematic and enduring infiltration into the related religious organizations and ecclesiastical bodies that the three orders have methodically undertaken; in the process, they attempted to impose their ‘reading of the sacred texts’ onto the unsuspicious, naïve and innocent faithful.

Catacombs of Saints Marcellinus and Peter (3 km southeast of Rome and the ancient Via Labicana); from top: Orants, Jonah and the Whale; Moses striking the rock (left); Noah praying in the ark; Adoration of the Magi; ca. 200–250 CE

It therefore goes without saying that the sacred texts of Judaism and Christianity were not comprehended by both, the sacerdotal class and the laymen, in the way they have been interpreted and believed after the infiltration of the aforementioned three secret organizations and their ancestral forms. There is certainly a distinction that we have to make. The Zionists did not attempt to infiltrate Christianity; only recently (over the past 200 years), they created pro-Zionist churches and groups of people who impersonated the Christians. On the contrary, Jesuits and Freemasons, in their earlier, ancestral forms, infiltrated Christianity since the very initial stages of the formation of this religion. In fact, the emergence of Roman Christianity, the many Christological disputes, the different ‘heresies’, and many internecine clashes in Western European Christianity were the result of the incessant strives between the previous forms that the two secret orders had taken; they were trying to pull the religion under formation to their side, to control it spiritually and intellectually, and to adjust it to their secret concepts and agendas.

The Oriental origin of the three secret societies antedates the establishment of the Early Christian groups; both, the Freemasons and the Jesuits, originate from different Gnostic sects, and from earlier sacerdotal colleges of Mesopotamia and Egypt whose roots can be traced back to the 3rd millennium BCE. By saying so, I don’t suggest that the Jesuits and the Freemasons believe in any of the Ancient Egyptian and Assyrian-Babylonian religions, although several concepts have certainly been maintained and therefore survived. As I already said, for their members it is technically impossible to worship any religion due to the harmful rituals of initiation that they have gradually adopted.

III. The Oriental Antiquity of the Freemasons

Basic cosmological, eschatological and messianic concepts of the Ancient Egyptian Iwnw Heliopolitan religion, seminal notions of Amarna Atenism (or Atonism), and the fundamental elements of the Sargonid Assyrian monotheism, involving notably the conceptualization of topics like the ‘Chosen People’, the ‘Promised Land’, the ‘Righteous Suffering’, the ‘Universal Empire’, the ‘Emperor of the Universe’, the ‘Return of the Chosen People’, the ‘End of Times’, etc. have been transferred within the Ancient Hebrew Bible, and thanks to them, the Freemasonic nebula was easily able during the Late Antiquity to dissimulate its spiritual-intellectual identity and posture as Biblical and Christian, though often heretic (Montanism, Arianism, etc.), although they wasted enormous spiritual and intellectual resources in Gnosticisms and pagan philosophies.

Wall painting from the Tomb of Nefertari, royal consort of Ramses II, at the Valley of the Queens, Luxor West: Nefertari (left) and the ram-headed god Khnum (divine inspector of the sources of the Nile), surrounded by Isis (right) and Nephthys (left) with their respective symbols atop of their heads; in Ancient Egypt, Isis symbolized the sacerdotal college of the Ancient Freemasons and Nephthys represented the ancestral priesthood of the Jesuits.

IV. The Oriental Antiquity of the Jesuit Order

Basic parts of the Ancient Egyptian Memphitic polytheistic dogma and cosmology (ab ovo creation by Ptah), notions of the Theban Trinity (Amun, Mut and Khonsu), the theory of Theogamy (promulgated as imperial dogma by Pharaoh Hatshepsut), fundamental Babylonian polytheistic concepts, notably the dying-and-reborn-‘god’ Dumuzid (Tammuz) and Nergalism, i.e. the Cuthean Vallis lacrimarum (Vale of tears), selected themes of Mithraic Iranian background, and the Manichaean school of thought were all anathema to the Ancient Hebrew religion and to Judaism, but they managed to make their way into the Christian cult and narratives, duly adapted and appended to the stories of the early Gospels. Due to this slow process that lasted several centuries, the Memphitic sacerdotal class -through the biases of Origenism, thanks to St John Cassian’s Institutes and Conferences, and due to the Benedictine Order, and later the Jesuits- seized power in Rome and turned it to the center of the most instinctively Anti-Christian force (or, if you prefer the terminology of John’s Revelation, ‘Babylon the Great’).

V. The Zionists before Judaism

The relationship of the Zionist order with Judaism was different; whereas the ancestral forms of the Freemasons and the Jesuits emanate from the sacerdotal environment of 4th and 3rd millennium BCE Mesopotamia and Egypt, the Zionist institution was totally unrelated to the early stages of the faith of Abraham, Moses, David, Solomon, Elijah and Jonah. Either in Mesopotamia, Canaan or Egypt, the Ancient Hebrews were Assyrian-Babylonian and Egyptian monotheists, who had to abandon their lands and emigrate in order to preserve their monotheistic faith and survive.

Above: Tablet XI of the Epic of Gilgamesh, containing the Flood myth; below: clay tablet from Babylon, praising Nebuchadnezzar as ‘king of justice’.

Pretty much like Abraham opposed Nimrud (mythologized as Gilgamesh) in Mesopotamia, Moses stood up to the Pharaoh of Egypt; subsequently, they both had to leave and settle elsewhere. Later, the spiritual, intellectual, cultural and linguistic Canaanization of the Ancient Hebrews, although strongly opposed by the prophets, was overwhelming. Finally, it led to the Assyrian conquest of Samaria (722 BCE), the transportation of the entire population of the Northern kingdom (Israel) to the NE provinces of Assyria, and the subsequent loss of the ten tribes, which have been later called ‘the ten lost tribes’; these developments were tantamount to salvation and they were prophesied as heralding their return (along with that of the Assyrians) at the End of Time. As it can be understood, these prophetic events have nothing to do with the Jews. The destruction of the smaller Southern kingdom (Judah) by Nebuchadnezzar (587 BCE) and the exile of the two tribes (: the Jews) to Babylonia brought about the end of the Ancient Hebrew religion of which minimal traces have been left down to our times.

Above: Abraham cast into fire by Nimrod, from Zubdat-al Tawarikh, a 1583 Ottoman manuscript; below: Nebuchadnezzar’s forces at the siege of Jerusalem, as depicted in a 10th-century Catalan manuscript

There was no Zionism in Ancient Israel; on the contrary, there was constant criticism of the Canaanization process by the prophets. All the liars and propagandists, who believe today that the Torah (Pentateuch) and the other books of the Tanakh {: the Modern Hebrew appellation of the Old Testament, consisting of three initials from Torah, Nevi’im (prophets), and the Ketuvim (‘writings’; i.e. all the other books, namely the ‘Sifrei Kodesh’/ ספרי קודש)} may have been preserved down to our times in the form in which they were initially written before the fall of Jerusalem (587 BCE), either foolishly forget or deliberately conceal the extent of the disaster and the dire conditions under which the exiled Jews had to move, cross a distance of about 1000 km, and reach the whereabouts of the Babylonian capital.

First, they were dispossessed of almost everything; second, they had minimal and primitive means of transportation; third, it is not certain (or even mentioned in any historical source) that they managed to transport with them at least one copy of the Old Testament; in addition, we still do not know the type of support on which it was written (tablets, papyri, etc.). The most plausible interpretation is that, since the Ark of the Covenant was not transported to Babylon (but lost), no significant monuments were taken by the departing Jews, who had to cross on foot a harsh and long terrain before reaching Mesopotamia.

Tablet containing part of the Neo-Babylonian Chronicle which covers the years 605-594 BCE of Nebuchadnezzar’s reign (605-562 BCE); the cuneiform text describes in brief the first conquest of Jerusalem and the surrender of Jehoiakim, king of Judah, in 597 BCE. It is a copy of the original tablet; approximate date: ca. 500 BCE; origin: Babylon, currently in the British Museum

VI. The Mesopotamian Kassite Origin of the Zionists

It is in 6th c. BCE Babylonia where the early manifestation of the Zionist organization can be attested as being in contact with the exiled Jews; as a matter of fact, the then Zionists were Babylonian polytheistic priests, who read the parts of the sacred texts that the Jews may have managed to bring with them (most probably in fragmentary form), heard their oral traditions, and assessed their broken spirituality and its high origin.

By selecting exiled Jewish laymen and by helping them write down their texts and oral traditions, the Babylonian Zionists first introduced several Assyrian-Babylonian spiritual, religious, intellectual and literary concepts in those texts, always adapting them to the Judaic/Jewish context, and second conditioned the value of the origin Biblical texts, as they appended them to secondary texts that were not due to divine inspiration but merely to explanatory intention. When the limits between divinely inspired text and human explanation were confused, the original religion (Ancient Hebrew religion) was altered and corrupted. Subsequently, a new religion (Judaism) emerged based on different books (and this case, the Old Testament, the Talmud, etc.). More importantly, extra texts and stories have been added, like the Table of Nations, which reflected already a clear Zionist (not Hebrew) purpose.

With the earlier Jewish rabbis executed and eliminated, a segment of the Babylonian polytheistic sacerdotal class converted to ‘Judaism’, as soon as it became obvious that they could dissimulate their origin and identity, while posturing as monotheists and having available the texts that would empower them to lay claim to Jerusalem. Their persistence in the importance of a selected soil had already been attested historically in Ancient Mesopotamia. One must see these developments within the wider spiritual, religious, intellectual and cultural context of the Neo-Sumerian, Ancient Assyrian-Babylonian, and Middle Assyrian-Babylonian times.

Several Ancient Assyrian monotheistic notions, concepts and worldviews, which had earlier caused incessant wars and long conflicts between the monotheist Assyrians and the polytheist Babylonians, were transferred in the extensively re-written ‘holy scriptures’ of the Jews by this Babylonian-‘Jewish’ polytheistic sacerdotal class. This was necessary because these evil spiritual-religious authorities would use them in a gravely altered, duly adapted and counterfeit form for the benefit of their worldview and eschatological attempt (due to the absence of the Ancient Assyrians and the ten tribes of Israel). This is how ancient Mesopotamian spiritual sciences, practices, techniques and exercises made their way into this totally anti-Hebrew, ‘Jewish’ religion, involving divination, magic, astronomy-astrology, the olfactory science and the sonar science (including mystical sonar formulas that are nowadays called ‘Kabbalah’).

The origin of these Babylonian-‘Jewish’ priests, mystics and wise elders should not be considered as necessarily Semitic, in striking contrast to the ancestry of the majority of the Babylonians. Mesopotamia had already had a very long past when the king Nebuchadnezzar brought the exiled population of Judah to Mesopotamia. Several non-Semitic nations had settled and at times ruled Babylon; notably, the Kassites (Kashu in Assyrian-Babylonian; Galzu in Kassite) descended from Zagros Mountains and took control of ‘Gate of God’ (Bab-Ili), after the Hittite conquest of Central Mesopotamia led by Mursili I (1596).

In fact, according to the 1st millennium BCE Babylonian king lists, the Kassite dynasty reigned (with capital at Dur-Kurigalzu; today’s Aqar Quf) for no less than 576 years; their effective rule started in 1595 BCE and ended ca. 1155 BCE, with the Elamite invasion and sack of Babylon by Shutruk Nakhunte. The fact that the Babylonian king lists included a period of reign much longer means that they included a period of tribal rule (before 1595 BCE) limited in South Zagros that the list authors considered as opposed to the Amorite (usually known as the First) dynasty of Babylon. This demonstrates a fully separate, tribal-national identity and self-consciousness; it means that the Kassites lived as an independent sect among the Babylonians, during and after the fall of the Kassite dynasty.  About:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kassites

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dur-Kurigalzu

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kassite_language

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kassite_dynasty

Unfinished kudurru (border stele) from the end of the Kassite period, attributed to the reign of Melishipak (1186–1172 BCE); it was unearthed in Susa, where it had been taken as war booty by the invading Elamite army in the 12th c. BCE (Louvre, Paris)

Detail

Written by a Kassite Babylonian scribe in the 2nd half of the 2nd millennium BCE, the Chronicle P (named after its first editor, the English Assyriologist T. G. Pinches) offers a very biased interpretation of the incessant conflicts between the Kassite Babylonian rulers and the Assyrian kings. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronicle_P

Kudurru dated to the reign of Marduk-apla-iddina I (1171-1159 BCE)

Reverse of clay cuneiform tablet, EA (el Amarna) 9, letter from Kassite Babylonian king Burna-Buriaš II of Karduniash (the Kassite name of Babylon) to Nibḫurrereya (the Assyrian-Babylonian version of the Pharaonic name of Tutankhamun) today in the British Museum; el Amarna is the modern Egyptian name of the location of Akhetaton, the new Pharaonic capital founded by the monotheist Akhenaten in the 14th c. BCE. Vast documentation (named ‘Tel Amarna Letters’) was found in the Pharaonic archives there, including more than 380 letters exchanged between the then world’s major emperors and kings and the Egyptian pharaohs Amenhotep III, Amenhotep IV (renamed Akhenaten after the inauguration of the new religion), and his successors. All the letters were written in cuneiform Assyrian-Babylonian, which was the World History’s first international language. About: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarna_letters

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarna_letter_EA_9

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burna-Buriash_II

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kardunia%C5%A1

Seal of the Kassite Babylonian king Burna-Buriash II (1359–1333 BCE)

Molded baked-brick bas-relief of the temple of Ishtar, which was rebuilt by the Kassite Babylonian king Karaindaš in Uruk; ca. 1410 BCE

The zikkurat of Dur Kurigalzu, original Kassite capital in Babylonia (in today’s Aqar Quf)

Cylinder seal of the Kassite Babylonian king Kurigalzu II (1332–1308 BCE)

VII. The Kassites and the Abomination of Marduk-Yahweh

The monotheist Assyrians considered the Kassites as an execrable abomination and they viewed their rule as an abhorrent desecration of Babylon, the holiest city of Mesopotamia; after the collapse of Kassite Babylonia, the Assyrians incessantly interfered in, and repeatedly invaded, Babylon in order to purify the land, re-sanctify the local elements, and eliminate the Kassite priests. As the Kassite and post-Kassite rise of ‘Marduk’ was a blasphemy and an outrage, the Assyrians made of Assur the universal and only God, whose emanations were all the other divinities; for the monotheist Assyrians, the Marduk could only be the Babylonian copy of Assur. It was therefore normal for them to attempt to eliminate the Kassite polytheistic priesthood whose blasphemous interpretation of the Ancient Assyrian-Babylonian spiritual heritage demanded terminal solution and physical annihilation.

As the subsequent alliance between Babylon and Elam strengthened the anti-Assyrian, anti-monotheist front, the Sargonids (722-609 BCE), empowered by Prophet Jonah’s preaching in Nineveh, managed to vanquish Elam and exterminate all the Elamites who did not early escape far to the East. But they could not do the same in the most ancient and most venerable, yet corrupted city of Babylon; they could only eliminate the evil Kassite priests. This was what they did continuously for no less than 500 years.

An extensive comparative religious study would reveal that the fundamental traits of Kassite and post-Kassite Marduk (and notably the anthropomorphic traits) have been passed onto Yahweh of the J (Jahwist) source of the Pentateuch. But the God of Adam, Noah, Abraham and Moses was «ilu» (the Assyrian-Babylonian word for «God»), which was rendered as Elohim in Ancient Hebrew, and that is why the E (Elohist) source of the Torah prevails in the earlier stages of the text.   

Above: Marduk depicted on a 9th c. BCE cylinder seal of the post-Kassite Babylonian king Marduk-zakir-shumi I; the god of the Kassite Babylonian polytheists appears mounted on his permanent companion, the fierce snake Mush-khushu (Mušḫuššu). Below: 8th c. BCE Neo-Assyrian seal showing a worshipper between Nabu and Marduk, standing on their servant dragons

The zikkurat Etemenanki (lit. ‘Temple of the foundation of Heaven and Earth’) and, further south, the temple Esagila (: ‘temple with the lofty top’); by placing the statue of Marduk in the temple, the Kassites desecrated Babylon.

Air view

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etemenanki

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esagila

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Marduk

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%C5%A1%E1%B8%ABu%C5%A1%C5%A1u

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89_(temple)

It is easy now to reconstruct what truly took place among the exiled Jews in Babylonia; the old Kassite-Babylonian polytheistic priesthood decided to hijack the Biblical heritage by

– sacrilegiously introducing their abomination under another divine name of Egyptian origin (Iah), lunar ascendancy, and Theban trinitarian association (many traits of Khonsu are apparent in both, Iah and Yahweh),

– systematically instituting their favorite stories as ‘Biblical’ narratives (notably their vicious hatred against Ut Napishtim / Noah, their overt predilection for the Giants / Nephilim, their worthless account of Cain’s descendants, which is totally useless for anyone to know, and their deliberate forgery which became known under the name of Table of Nations), and

– expressly demonstrating a very vivid interest for, and obdurate persistence in, certain locations, local presence, and control of land.

For the Kassite-Babylonian polytheistic priesthood’s eschatological projections, the importance of the location was paramount, and for this purpose, they introduced the Zion fanaticism among the exiled Jews; however, this process did not impact them all, and we know very well that, after the Achaemenid Iranian conquest of Babylon (539 BCE), few Jews returned to their ancestral land. The same concerned also the Jews who had fled to, and settled in, Egypt at the times of Psamtik II (595-589 BCE) and Wahibre/Apries (589-570 BCE), because they continued living in Aswan and Elephantine Island (in the South) as well as in the Delta region, without any apparent interest in the ‘Promised Land’.

I have here to markedly underscore that this is very reasonable, because as I already stated, the ‘Return to the Promised Land’, as a constituent element of the Assyrian Cosmology-Eschatology and therefore of the Biblical prophecy, concerns only the Assyrians and the ten lost tribes of Israel – not the Jews.  

More importantly, we have full proof that, in later periods, the non-Zionist Jews attempted even to attract other Jews from Jerusalem and Judaea to Egypt; there were no sacred prophecy, no religious need, and no national imperative for the Jews to further stay in Judaea/Palestine. This becomes evident thanks to the story of the land and the temple of Onias (Honiyyo) IV, the Zadokite high priest, who had a Jewish temple built in his name (ca. 170-150 BCE), near Iwnw (Heliopolis), Egypt’s most sacred site and most venerable temple–center of the Ennead, i.e. the Ancient Egyptian monotheism. He found it sensible to invite Jews from Judaea to settle there. It is not therefore strange that the Talmud and the Zionist Roman Jew Flavius Josephus contain many insults against Onias IV.

An important document of the Jewish community at the Elephantine Island, in Aswan, written in Imperial Aramaic; it is dated in the 17th year of reign of Darius II (407 BCE). Yedoniah and other priests dispatched this letter to Bagavahya (Bagoas), the Achaemenid Iranian governor of Judah, in order to demand his permission to rebuild the Jewish temple at the island, because it was destroyed by the Egyptians.

The southern end of the Elephantine Island where the Jewish temple was located

Marriage contract between Ananiah and Tamut (449 BCE); another document from the Elephantine Aramaic papyri (today in the Brooklyn Museum)

Zionism spread gradually among all Jewish communities as early as the Achaemenid times (550-330 BCE); the Maccabees (family of Mattathias ben Johanan) and the Pharisees (Prusim; priests) were controlled by the Zionist group that tried to infiltrate all the Jews in Palestine, Syria, Anatolia, Egypt and elsewhere. It is quite interesting that, following the Zionist-Jahwist infiltration, the Jews of Elephantine built a temple to Yahweh, also attaching to his cult that of his consort, the goddess Anat. About:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephantine_papyri_and_ostraca#Jewish_temple_at_Elephantine

https://www.jpost.com/opinion/op-ed-contributors/was-there-a-jewish-temple-in-ancient-egypt-318363

https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.2307/4149987

John Merlin Powis Smith, The Jewish Temple at Elephantine

The Biblical World, Vol. 31, No. 6 (Jun., 1908), pp. 448-459 (12 pages)

https://www.jstor.org/stable/3141839?typeAccessWorkflow=login

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mattathias

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maccabees

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_of_Onias

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onias_IV

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sons_of_Zadok

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zadok

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadducees

VIII. The Guti, the Kassites, the Flood, and Zionism  

Pretty much like the Kassites were a different ethnicity from the Semitic Babylonians, the Zionists who entered into mixed marriages with the exiled Jews formed a totally separate ethnic group. The few Kassite nouns and words that have been saved in cuneiform Babylonian texts do not allow us to form a conclusive opinion as regards the linguistic family and the ethnic group to which they belonged; selected Kassite nouns seem to be of Indo-European origin, but other words appear to have affinities with Turanian languages. The early settlements of the Kassites in the region of Zagros Mountains make it probable for them to have maintained contacts with other, closely related tribes and clans in Central Asia from where they seem to have originated.  

In their type of relationship with the land of their ancestors in Central Asia, the Kassites seem to have had predecessors and successors, namely tribal populations, which -despite their partly settlement in Mesopotamia- maintained contact with their relatives in their land of origin. Forerunners of the Kassites were certainly the Guti (known as Gutium in Sumerian), who played in 3rd millennium BCE Mesopotamia exactly the same role that the Kassites carried out during the 2nd millennium BCE: the blasphemous, ominous and sacrilegious non-humans who corrupt and destroy the principles, concepts and structures of civilization.

Inscription of Lugal-Anne-Mundu, king of Adab (a major Sumerian city near the modern town of Bismaya in Wasit, Iraq), who reigned for ca. 90 years in the 25th c. BCE; the text is a later copy from the reign of Ammi-Saduqa of Babylonia (17th c. BCE). Stating that he conquered the “four quarters of the world”, the Sumerian king enumerates the kingdoms and the peoples he subdued, mentioning the Guti among them. Their location was between Subartu (the Mesopotamian North) and Marhashe and Elam (in the Southeast), so clearly somewhere in the Middle-South Zagros Mountains.

Sar-e Pol-e Zohab, Western Iran near the Iraqi border: rock relief of Anubanini, king of the tribal realm of Lullubi in the 23rd c. BCE (at the time of Naram Sin of Akkad); Lullubi was part of the wider world of the Sumerian-Akkadian civilization. The inscription (partly damaged during the Iran-Iraq war), written in Akkadian (: the earliest form of Assyrian-Babylonian), details the victory of the tribal ruler over a series of enemies in the Zagros Mountains. Anubanini evokes his faith to Inanna (: Sumerian equivalent of the Assyrian-Babylonian Ishtar) and to many other Sumerian-Akkadian aspects of divinity. The rock relief shows Anubanini trampling an enemy, most probably a Guti. A later (18th – 17th c. BCE) epic, known today as Cuthean Legend of Naram-Sin, which was named ‘tupshenna pitema’ (ṭupšenna pitēma; ‘Open the tablet box’) at the time, mentions the wars undertaken by Anubanini against the barbarian and unclean Guti,

Anubanini rock relief (photo taken by Ernst Herzfeld in 1913

The inscription of the Anubanini rock relief; about: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuthean_Legend_of_Naram-Sin https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anubanini

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anubanini_rock_relief

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lullubi

https://iranicaonline.org/articles/gutians

Votive mace head of the Guti king La-erabum (ca. 2150 BCE) from Sippar, South Iraq; the inscription reads “La-eraab, great King of Guti” (la-e-ra-ab da-num lugal gutiim).

The Guti are mentioned also in the tablet of Lugalannatum (ca. 2130 BCE), who was the local ruler (‘patesi’) of the city-state of Umma (today’s Tell Jokha in the province Dhi Qar, in South Iraq). About: https://cdli.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/articles/cdlb/2015-2 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lugalannatum

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umma

The parallels are incredible; in the same manner the sinful and impious Kassites contaminated Babylon in the early 16th c. BCE, the wicked Guti desecrated Akkad (‘Agade’ in Assyrian-Babylonian), the world’s first universal and imperial capital of Sargon (Sharrukin) of Akkad at the end of the 23rd c. BCE. The Guti infiltration caused the ‘malediction of Akkad’ by Ishtar, the fall of the universal Akkadian Empire, and the Flood. This ‘curse’ is not only a spiritual fact, but also a critical historical text that details the collapse of the earliest Semitic rule at the end of the reign of Naram Sin (2254-2218 BCE), son of Rimush and grandson of Sargon of Akkad.

In the Malediction of Akkad (Old Babylonian edition, verses 140-155), it is stated that «the good sense left Agade», «Agade’s intelligence was removed», and «Enlil, the roaring storm that subjugates the entire land, the rising deluge that cannot be confronted, was considering what should be destroyed», whereas the Guti are described as «an unbridled people, with human intelligence but canine instincts and monkeys’ features». About:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gutian_people

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gutian_language

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gutian_rule_in_Mesopotamia

https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/cgi-bin/etcsl.cgi?text=t.2.1.5#

https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mal%C3%A9diction_d%27Akkad

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naram-Sin_of_Akkad#The_Curse_of_Akkad

https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section2/tr215.htm

https://www.academia.edu/35404348/The_Curse_of_Agade_Naram_Sins_Battle_with_the_Gods_Article_Ancient_History_Encyclopedia

https://www.academia.edu/38575264/The_Curse_of_Agade

https://www.lemonde.fr/ete-2007/article/2007/08/14/agade-capitale-maudite-et-perdue_944373_781732.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akkad_(city)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sargon_of_Akkad

For the time being and on the basis of hitherto found, studied and published texts, we cannot affirm that there is an ethnic connection between the Guti and the Kassites; their respective languages are scarcely known and only some nouns and words survived from both of them, written in cuneiform Akkadian (: Assyrian-Babylonian) texts. But on account of their vice, profanity, and barbarism, we can deduce that their behavioral resemblance may be possibly due to a tribal affinity that can be traced back to their land of origin somewhere in Central Asia or even Mongolia, Central and Eastern Siberia.

Similarly with the Kassites, the Guti had targeted the Mesopotamian civilization, descending from Middle Zagros (where they had first settled), raiding cities, and profaning whatever they touched; their control of Mesopotamia lasted almost a century (2141 – ca. 2050 BCE). As it happened following the collapse of Kassite Babylonia, after the fall of their rule, the Guti left bad memories that the Neo-Sumerians, notably Ur-Nammu (2112-2094 BCE) and the rulers of the Third Dynasty of Ur, as well as the Assyrians-Babylonians never forgot. About:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ur-Nammu

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur

The association of the Guti with the Flood, which was first prophesied in Sumerian and Akkadian texts, then came to pass as an overwhelming event, and later was amply narrated in Assyrian-Babylonian historical, cosmological, and mythological texts, is of cardinal importance; in fact, the abominable deeds of the Guti were the true reason for the Flood. The limits of the present article do not allow me to expand further, but I have to point out that the narrative differences between the Sumerian and the Assyrian-Babylonian sacred texts about the Flood (notably Atrahasis, the Eridu Genesis, Gilgamesh, the Instructions of Shuruppak, etc.) and the Biblical story are in reality due to the perversion of the Kassite Babylonian-‘Jewish’ polytheistic sacerdotal class that we can describe as ‘Zionist priesthood’.

Above: cylinder seal of Ur-Nammu, founder of the Third Dynasty of Ur (Neo-Sumerian period), bearing an inscription part of which reads: “Ur-Nammu, the Great man, King of Ur”; below: stele of Ur-Nammu found in Ur in 1927 (currently in Penn Museum): only the lower part of the Sumerian king’s body is seen, as he is depicted standing in front of Nanna (Sumerian equivalent of Sin, who was symbolized by the Moon) and the Holy Tree.

Ur-Nammu’s Code of Laws: the oldest in World History About: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_of_Ur-Nammu and https://cdli-gh.github.io/year-names/HTML/T6K1.htm

Fully adjusted to their interests, the Biblical account is composed in a way to obscure the truth that the Guti did indeed survive during the Flood due to the full support offered to them by their masters, namely the Giants. This explains the force of the words that the Assyrians and the Babylonians used in order to describe the Guti so negatively, so badly and so pejoratively. The only reason for which the Assyrian and Babylonian monotheists, namely the high priests, the spiritual mystics and the wise scholars of Nineveh, Babylon and so many other high places, reviled the Guti, the Kassites and the Elamites so strongly is related to the sacrilege, the uncleanness, and the inhumanity that they discerned in those evil races. It is obvious that, in this context, ‘unclean’ refers to blood and semen; the use of the term involves the foremost transgression, therefore implying sexual intercourse with non-humans.

IX. Guti, Kassites, Gog & Magog, Unclean Nations, and Alexander the Great   

Located in Central Asia, the forefathers of the Guti and the Kassites seem to have had an affinity with the clan of Gog which was mentioned few times in the Bible (Genesis 10:2; 1 Chronicles 5:4; Ezekiel 38:1-23; 39:1-29). The Old Testament has indeed only brief references to this clan; the bulk of them are to be found in the Book of Ezekiel, in the description of a clearly eschatological event. However, the ancient wickedness perpetrated by Gog, which may/might have been included in the original Biblical text, was duly erased from the text.

The Book of Ezekiel, which was composed and circulated in an early form in the 6th c. BCE, is the only Old Testament text that offers an insight into the end times’ clash between Israel (namely the ten lost tribes/ not the Jews) and the alliance set up by (the offspring of) Gog. This eschatological narrative may have played a role in the Kassite Babylonian polytheistic priests’ decision to convert to Judaism, impersonate the Jews, and thus effectively ‘transform’ themselves (and their scattered and unclean nation) into ‘Jews’, i.e. a ‘Chosen People’ supposedly predestined to ‘return’ to their ‘Promised Land’; this evildoing would and actually did function as the perfect smokescreen throughout ages. In this manner, the viciously anti-Semitic, Zionist priesthood of the unclean tribes or nations would posture as a Semitic, pious, and clean people that was chosen by God.  

It is however in the literary-epic-eschatological masterpiece that is conventionally known under the name ‘Alexander Romance’, and more particularly in the Syriac version (which is denoted rather as the ‘Syriac Alexander Legend’), as well as in a great multitude of valuable Islamic sources, that we first come across with the true identification of Gog (and ‘Magog’; in Arabic Yajuj and Majuj; يأجوج ومأجوج) and the characterization of this ‘ethnic group’ as an abhorrently ‘unclean nation’. With this enormous amount of textual narratives we reach the third historical stage of the impious, inhuman and sacrilegious populations (in Greek: ρυπαρά γένη); Gog is the apparent spiritual-intellectual-behavioral continuity of the Guti and the Kassites whose origin was, as I already said, in Central Asia. Due to the aforementioned abundant sources, we have a remarkable insight into what prevented the unclean nations from advancing their evildoing prior to the End of Times. I have however to add at this point that all the existing references to Gog are not historical, but either mythological or eschatological. About:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gog_and_Magog

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gog_and_Magog#Midrashic_writings

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Romance

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriac_Alexander_Legend

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theories_about_Alexander_the_Great_in_the_Quran

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhu_al-Qarnayn

https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Яджудж_и_Маджудж

https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Гог_и_Магог

The profane pattern, the cultural rejection, and the civilizational abjuration of the Guti and the Kassites had become a constant parameter of the Assyrian-Babylonian History; irrespective of the monotheist opposition that these impious and inhuman populations generated, the faithful followers of monotheism and the numerous pious emperors encountered always great difficulty to prevent the infiltration in their state, the amalgamation with other nations, and the dissimulation undertaken by the evil and impious nations. This situation lasted from the end of the 3rd millennium BCE to the end of the 4th c. BCE, during the Neo-Sumerian times (2112-2004 BCE), the Old Assyrian times (2025-1701 BCE), the Old Babylonian times (2003-1595 BCE), the Middle Assyrian times (1700-1364 BCE), the Neo-Assyrian times (1363-722), the Sargonid Empire (722-609 BCE) and the Achaemenid Iranian Empire (550-330 BCE).

Representation of the monster of Gog and Magog from a miniature of the Walters manuscript W659190B: copy of the famous geographer and cosmographer Zakariya al-Qazwini’s masterpiece ‘Wonders of the Creation and Oddities of the Existence’ (Aja’ib al-makhluqat wa-ghara’ib al-mawjudat; عجائب المخلوقات وغرائب الموجودات) that was composed in the middle of the 13th c. About: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aja%27ib_al-Makhluqat https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zakariya_al-Qazwini

Alexander builds the wall against Gog and Magog; miniature of a manuscript of Nizami Ganjavi’s Khamsa (Quintet), ca. 1580-1590

The erection of the wall against Gog and Magog

Led by their Master, namely Satan, the unclean nations Gog and Magog attack and finally take hold of the Holy City: Miniature from the Russian book «Апокалипсис трехтолковый» (Apokalipsis trekhtolkoviy/The Apocalypse of Three Senses; chapter 63: ‘About Goz and Magoz’) that was printed in the Moscow Printing House of the Old Believers 1909; the miniature was taken from a manuscript of the first half of the 17th c. This Russian miniature reminds us that, according to several Christian Orthodox traditions, the unclean nations were expected to occupy Jerusalem for the span of one generation prior to the End of Times. The recurrent theme of the naked or quasi-naked appearance of the unclean nations in representations produced in different cultural, religious and artistic environments is not due to a certain artistic invention but to a historical hint; it reveals that the origin of their uncleanness was a lawless intercourse. About: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Believers

Emperor Theophilos of the Eastern Roman Empire (Θεόφιλος; reigned 829-842) as portrayed in the miniature of a manuscript of John Skylitzes’ Chronicle (Σύνοψις Ἱστοριῶν), which was written 200 years later. The basileus is meaningfully depicted as protected by two Varangian soldiers, who were rumored to be representatives of Gog and Magog. The rumors reveal however how falsehood is diffused by secret societies; evildoers project onto others what they inherently are, thus exempting themselves from the evil that inhabits them.

Gog and Magog today as per the intuition of a Russian artist; from: https://golosislama.com/news.php?id=4979

Details from the Catalan Atlas (1375), which is currently in the Bibliothèque Nationale, in Paris; this part of the map shows the land named ‘Gog i Magog’; there, we see the local king riding his horse while the people of the land follow in a procession. Quite interestingly, the map also includes a representation of Alexander’s Gate, Alexander himself, and the Antichrist (upside down), whereas the mechanical trumpeters herald the forthcoming ages. The eschatological dimension of the topic is ostensible.

Gog and Magog eating people; miniature from a 14th c. manuscript, fol. 60v, 63v, 65, leaves containing recension of Thomas de Kent, Roman de toute chevalerie (1308-1312), Bibliothèque nationale de France (24364); the recurrent theme of nakedness of the unclean nations is attested here as well.

The Alexander Romance is deliberately a most disrespected, most disregarded, and most evaded historical text that offers expansive description of how the Macedonian king Alexander the Great invaded Achaemenid Iran and substituted himself to the Achaemenid Shah in order to carry out the work that Cyrus I, Cambyses, Darius I and Xerxes I had failed to implement. The marvelous work involved the erection of a wall to separate the impious nations from Iran and the rest of the world. Around this narrative nucleus revolve many other mythical topics that reflect historical events in symbolic manner. It goes without saying that Alexander’s wall against Gog and Magog was a formidable spiritual obstacle that the impious nations would be unable to overcome until the End of Time.

The mystical wall of Alexander the Great has nothing to do with what centuries later proved to be the World History’s greatest monument after the Great Wall of China, namely the Great Wall of Gorgan; the majestic Sassanid imperial defense system, which is more than 200 km long, was built in the 5th and 6th c. CE, but during the Islamic times, it was often confused with Alexander’s wall against Gog and Magog because the location of the impious nations was thought to be in parts of Central Asia beyond Gorgan and more specifically around the northern coastlands of the Caspian Sea. About: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Wall_of_Gorgan

The confusion of the Sassanid imperial wall with the mystical wall erected by the Macedonian King and Iranian Emperor Alexander the Great was overwhelming in the Islamic literature and art; however, this fact does not change in anything the functionality of the spiritual wall, which was erected in order to obstruct the Zionist scheme and to prevent the Kassite Babylonian polytheistic priests from achieving the targets of the secret plan that started with their conversion to Judaism, the formation of the class of the Prusim/Pharisees priests, and the elaboration of the paradoxical (as per the Ancient Hebrew religion’s criteria) books of Judaism (Talmud, Mishnah, etc.).

X. Jews, Fake Jews, Alexander the Great, the Seleucid Dynasty, and Flavius Josephus  

At this point, I have to make it clear that one must never confuse the sacrilegious priesthood with the impious nation; the Kassite Babylonian polytheists, who impersonated the Jewish priests and carried out an extensive amalgamation -and therefore corruption- project due to intermarriages between the exiled Jews and the Guti and Kassite residents in 6th c. BCE Babylonia, were the evil ruling class that consciously implemented an eschatological plan to desecrate the Mankind and in the process destroy the Earth; the hijacked and corrupted nation was a mere tool in the priesthood’s hands.

As they intended to turn selected individuals from other nations into impious humans and corrupt beings, they ordered the mass conversion of the Kassite Babylonians to Judaism and they undertook the establishment of a network of small communities made up by amalgamated Babylonian Jews (i.e. fake Jews). After the formation of regular contact with their nucleus that had remained in the ancestral land (in Central Asia), the Kassite Babylonian Zionist priesthood started customarily dispatching numerous representatives (disguised as merchants) to faraway locations (Anatolia, Black Sea coastlands, Carthage, Western Mediterranean, etc.). The leading role played by the Aramaeans in the network of commercial roads within and beyond the Achaemenid Iran facilitated this process, because Aramaic, which has linguistic affinities with Babylonian and Ancient Hebrew, had already become a lingua franca from Western Anatolia to India to Central Asia. 

Within the vast Achaemenid Empire and, thanks to the emergence of the trade routes between China, India, East Africa, and the Mediterranean Sea, it became very easy and considerably safe for the amalgamated Babylonian ‘Jews’ to move across great distances. As many Jews had already relocated to different countries (notably to Egypt, but also in Media, as the Book of Tobit credibly informs us), the amalgamated Babylonian Jews were not easily accepted as genuine by the true Jews, and these developments generated divisions, strives, conflicts and killings.  

Diverse sources document these quarrels that lasted for hundreds of years and can be attested within Jewish or Christian religious environments. A typical example is offered by the Book of Revelation, in which (chapter 3) the Early Christian Church of Philadelphia (modern city of Alaşehir, near Magnesia/Manisa, Western Turkey) is mentioned (3:9; New International Version/NIV) as it follows: “I will make those who are of the synagogue of Satan, who claim to be Jews though they are not, but are liars—I will make them come and fall down at your feet and acknowledge that I have loved you”.

The Cave of the Apocalypse where John the Apostle, according to the Fathers of the Christian Church, wrote the Book of the Revelation

The composition of the Talmud and the other ‘sacred’ books of the so-called Talmudic-Rabbinic Judaism had basically one target, namely to ‘de-Hebraicize’ and ‘de-Semitize’ (and therefore Zionize) the religion of the genuine Jews, i.e. to totally eliminate the Semitic, Ancient Hebrew, monotheist nature of their religion and to greatly minimize the value and the validity of the Mosaic Law among them. Subsequently, the original Biblical spirituality, faith, and religion were indeed replaced by an endless talk about them; this was indeed a drastic and most calamitous change of religion, because the religious event itself lost its spiritual importance in the minds and the hearts of the believers, as it was supplanted by the rational, explanatory talk about it.

Representation of the “magnificent Persian-style villa” in Nehardea (Central Mesopotamia, then part of the Sassanid Empire of Iran) where the leading Talmudist and exilarch Rav Huna (216-297 CE) of the Pumbedita Talmudic Academy used to receive “the elders of the community”, teach Halakha, Aggadah, etc., and write further parts of the Babylonian Talmud (Talmud Bavli). Only in the first half of the 4th c., during the days of Abba ben Joseph bar Hama (known as Rava), the Talmudic Academy was transferred to Mahoze, as it was the Jewish Babylonian Aramaic name of Tesifun/Ctesiphon (today’s Al Mada’in), the second Sassanid imperial capital. From the Diaspora Museum (formerly known as Beit Hatfutsot; בית התפוצות) in Tel Aviv. About: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nehardea https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumbedita

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumbedita_Academy https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talmudic_academies_in_Babylonia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rav_Huna

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rava_(amora)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mada%27in

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exilarch

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANU_-_Museum_of_the_Jewish_People

In this manner, due to their ethnic amalgamation with the Kassite Babylonian Zionists and following their religious alteration, the Jews turned out to be real ‘Goyim’ (Gentiles). For this reason, from that period (late Achaemenid and early Seleucid times), the Zionist Jews and their priesthood started an enormous effort in order to establish, propagate, and convince the other nations about the supposedly great, dramatic differentiation between them (self-styled as the ‘Chosen People’) and all the rest (goyim). It goes without saying that the supposed differentiation involved tons of arrogance, self-praise, and absurdity about those fake Jews’ supposed ‘superiority’.

The effort was entirely nonsensical and spiritually irrelevant; when the true Mosaic Law and the monotheist faith in Elohim prevailed among the Ancient Hebrews, they rightfully boasted about their acts, deeds and cult that made them different from the other nations. When post-exilic Jews lost their ethnic and religious identity, integrity, piety and purity, their supposed difference from the other nations was an outrageous lie and an evident expression of vicious hatred of the others. About: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goy

That is why Flavius Josephus had to expand on the hypothetical (?) meeting between Alexander the Great and the (post-exilic Kassite Babylonian Zionist Jewish) high priest in Jerusalem; writing after a long period of clashes, uprising, rivalry and enmity between the Seleucids and the Maccabees, the Roman-Jewish military leader, renegade and historian was a consummate Zionist. By presenting Alexander the Great as expressing respect to the Zionist Pharisee, who was in charge of the edifice founded by Zerubbabel (זְרֻבָּבֶל‏‎) at the end of the 6th c. BCE, Josephus attempted to discredit the illustrious Seleucid imperial tradition and the staunch Seleucid Anti-Zionism, which in reality was a form of esteem and approbation of the Assyrian and Hebrew Biblical monotheism. About:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaddua

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_the_Great_in_legend#Jewish_legends

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Temple

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zerubbabel

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiquities_of_the_Jews

Zerubbabel rebuilds the temple; from 15th c. manuscript miniature of the Secreta secretorum (ff. 1-43)

It is interesting that the person of Zerubbabel gave birth to a 7th c. CE Rabbinical Apocalyptic literature of extreme anti-Christian and anti-Constantinopolitan rage. In the Book of Zerubbabel (ספר זרובבל/Sefer Zerubavel; also known as Apocalypse of Zerubbabel), Virgin Mary is explicitly insulted, the Christian Church slandered, and Emperor Heraclius is presented (by means of the anagram ‘Armilus’) as the true precursor of the Talmudic Antichrist. In this regard, Heraclius’ prophecy about the return of the Eastern Romans to Syria at the End of Time, as it is preserved in Tabari’s History, becomes highly meaningful. As you can easily understand in the light of the above mentioned, Armilus is associated with Gog by the author of the Sefer Zerubavel! About: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocalypse_of_Zerubbabel https://pages.charlotte.edu/john-reeves/research-projects/trajectories-in-near-eastern-apocalyptic/sefer-zerubbabel/ and https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armilus

All the same, the author of the Jewish Antiquities (Ἰουδαϊκὴ ἀρχαιολογία) needed apparently to portray (in the 11th book) the outstanding Anti-Zionist emperor as respectful of the anti-Hebrew and anti-Biblical cleric. This need may have been due to the early diffusion of mythological-eschatological narratives and oral traditions about the grand opus of Alexander the Great (namely the Alexander Romance). Many modern scholars and researchers date the earliest existing manuscripts back to the 3rd c. CE, but this date appears to be very late. The earliest traditions must go back to the early Seleucid times; these eschatological traditions must have made of Seleucid Antioch a most loathed capital for the Zionist Pharisees and the Kassite Babylonian Jewish converts. Contrary to what most historians believe, the rivalry was not religious, ethnic, cultural or imperial of nature; it was eschatological.

In addition, Josephus tried to depict Alexander the Great as the authenticator (or validator) of the Jewish Talmudic tradition; by stating that the respect was not personal but due to Jaddua’s tradition, heritage and religion, Josephus’ Alexander, as an ahistorical construct, gives substantive credit to 4th c. BCE Judaism, by offering to the distorted religion’s clerics an antiquity and an authenticity that were not theirs. 

XI. Jews, Fake Jews, Pharisees, Sadducees, Essenes, and the Romans  

The Romans proved to be fools by thinking that the conquest of Jerusalem and the destruction of the kingdom of Judah would solve the problem; actually, the ‘problem’ was not the existence of the Jews in the Roman Empire, but the iniquitous presence of the Kassite Babylonian converts among the Jews. Without taking into account the increasing number of intermarriages between Jews and fake Jews (Guti-Kassite-Gog) and without uprooting the Talmudic Zionist priesthood of Pharisees, no one could put an end to all the troubles caused by that secret society. Unfortunately, only Jesus was shrewd enough and able to denounce the Pharisees in public; in parallel, he rejected any attitude similar that of the Sicarii (Zealots).

These facts fully demonstrate what happened at the time; the acts of the Sicarii triggered the Roman conquest and destruction of Jerusalem. Then, Jesus’ stance reveals that the Talmudic Zionist Pharisees had always the tendency to aptly utilize terrorists for their benefit; this mentality is inherent to them. One can be sure that by all means there was no parallel between Nebuchadnezzar’s conquest (587 BCE) and Titus’ invasion (70 CE) of Judah and Jerusalem. Important manuscripts, valuable books, and numerous cult items must have been taken out of the besieged city and transported to safe locations either within the Roman Empire or in Parthian Mesopotamia where the bulk of the fake Jews and the Kassite Babylonian Talmudic rabbis lived in peace and prospered.

Above: the so-called ‘Tower of Babel stele’, excavated by the German Assyriologist Robert Koldewey in 1911, shows Nebuchadnezzar standing in front of a miniature of the great zikkurat Etemenanki of Babylon. Below: fired mudbrick bearing cuneiform inscription with the name and titles of Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon

Titus (Titus Caesar Vespasianus; reigned 79-81 CE); Titus’ destruction of Jerusalem was commemorated in Rome, and the booty was depicted in reliefs on the Arch of Titus.

As a matter of fact, the Roman military action played into the Pharisees’ game. The generalization of the anti-Jewish oppression throughout the Roman Empire put an end to the cosmopolitan Jews and the Sadducee priesthood that was the only real rival of the Pharisees, the repository of the Ancient Hebrew spiritual, religious and cultural tradition, and the major institution representing the clean, non-Zionist, Jews. A major spiritual and intellectual figure of the Sadducees was Philo of Alexandria (20 BCE – 50 CE; known as Yedidiyah ha-Alexandri in Hebrew); his teachings, doctrine and worldview stood at the very antipodes of those of the Zionist Pharisees, going rather in the same direction as the concepts, tenets, and deeds of several Gnostic mystics, and of all those who could be then described as spiritual ancestors of Modern Freemasonry.

Another catastrophic consequence of the Roman military action was the extinction of the Essenes, a sect of repentant Jews, who apparently understood much of what had been done to their hapless ancestors when they were exiled in Babylonia. For this very reason, rituals of purification were incessantly performed among them; the Essenes (אִסִּיִים‎; Isiyim) concluded that it was crucial and vital for all Jews to perform purification rituals and to thus break with the unclean amalgamation, counterfeit spirituality, and blasphemous tradition that had appeared among their ancestors at the time of the Babylonian exile. As one could easily expect, the Zionist rage and hatred of the Essenes was always unrestrainable; it so remains today. Example:

https://www.jpost.com/israel/stringent-religious-purification-proved-lethal

Consequently, to eliminate the real problem, a Roman Emperor would have to invade Mesopotamia where the Babylonian Talmud was being composed. This military target was achieved by Trajan (113-116 CE), but apparently this great ruler (who also fought against the ‘Jews’) did not have a clue about the long-term threat originating from that seemingly small and powerless college of Zionist priests.

In fact, the destruction of Jerusalem (70 CE) by the Romans, which is absolutely unrelated to the eschatological prophecy uttered by Jesus and recorded in the Gospels, helped both, the Zionist Pharisee priests to completely prevail among the Jews and the Kassite Babylonian converts to further infiltrate into the remaining clean communities of the Jewish Diaspora.

More: https://www.parthava.org/2023/04/23/roman-parthian-wars/

This means that, until the emergence of Roman Christianity and the rise of Islam, the bulk of the Zionist fake Jewish priests were active mainly in Asia, revolving around the Silk Road, and interacting with various elites in Iran, Mesopotamia, and Central Asia; however, they were never able to substantially advance their scheme. In other words, like the predecessors of the Freemasons and the Jesuits, the forerunners of the Zionists were located in the Orient – or, if you prefer, in the East.

XII. Gog, Khazars, and Ashkenazi Zionism  

During the successive Turanian migrations and invasions of Europe, which occurred throughout the Late Antiquity (539 BCE – 622 CE), we notice the beginning of what can be described as the major Zionist leap to the West; after the dissolution of the First Turkic Khaganate, the unclean tribes (already known as Gog and Magog among the then Christians) intermingled with the Khazars, entering into mixed marriages and becoming integral part of the nomad nation. This development enabled them to improve their position in Mesopotamia, namely the central province of the Islamic Caliphate (where they had lived for thousands of years), to impact the developments in the Islamic World, to infiltrate the Eastern Roman Empire, and to present themselves as potential allies of various rulers. About:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khazars

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khazar_Correspondence

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Khazar_rulers

The narrative about the Khazar conversion to Islam (around 800 CE) reflects only the resolute intention of the old Guti-Kassite Babylonian Zionist priesthood to usher their unclean populations and communities to the next stage of eschatological scheme and to start moving to the west, settle in Europe, and further intermingle with the remaining clean Jews. It is therefore not strange that the ethnonym ‘Ashkenazim’ was given to the descendants of the Khazars; in Hebrew, it means ‘Scythian’. The Gog had already been associated to ‘Scythians’ in many sources, and the same occurred in the case of the Khazars.

Following this brief presentation, one understands clearly that when we, today, make the distinction between Ashkenazim Khazarians and Sephardic Jews, we rather approach the topic in an apparently conventional manner. In reality, the forefathers of the Ashkenazim, namely the Guti-Kassite Babylonian priests, had already implemented a vast amalgamation plan, arranging intermarriages of the exiled Jews in Babylonia with their unclean tribes that had settled there one millennium earlier; the plan was carried out incessantly ever since.

Western Turkic Khaganate (603-742 CE) and Eastern Turkic Khaganate (603-645 CE) as they emanated from the First Turkic Khaganate (552–603 CE)

The plan for contamination and desecration of the Jews and the extraordinary attachment to the ‘Promised Land’, Jerusalem and Zion are eschatologically crucial because, contrarily to all other nations, the Guti were not the descendants of Ut Napishtim / Noah. By impersonating the Jews (and therefore the ‘Chosen People’), the Zionists intend to occupy Palestine (that they called ‘Israel’, not ‘Judah’) and the wider Middle East (which is now called ‘Greater Israel’) in order to oppose the prophesied return of the Assyrians and the ten lost tribes of Israel. As per the directives of their eschatological plans, they have nowhere else to go.

Khazar-Ashkenazi monument with representation of the menorah, unearthed in Sarkel, a fortress built (ca. 830-840 CE) with the help of the Eastern Romans on the left bank of the lower Don River in today’s Rostov Oblast, Russia. About: http://www.hagahan-lib.ru/library/hazariya-v-krosskulturnom-prostranstve-istoricheskaya-geografiya-krepostnaya-arhitektura-vibor-veri25.html

http://www.khazaria.com/sarkel.html

https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Саркел

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarkel

https://www.dasanderemittelalter.net/news/a-jewish-empire/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulan_(Khazar)

The clash between the three secret societies (Jesuits, Freemasons and Zionists) is not a confrontation of interests, but a conflict among three eschatological strategies (or schemes); it takes the form of covert war between the unclean nations (namely Gog and Magog, controlled by the Zionists), and the descendants of the Assyrians and the ten lost tribes of Israel, who are fooled and subdued by the Freemasons and the Jesuits. The modalities of the conflict involve also reciprocal infiltration among these organizations, splits of the three secret societies, and superposition of agendas.  

However, the essence of the confrontation is not only about the outcome of the end times; it is also the reflection of ages-old disputes that shaped World History. In fact, everything that happens today and more particularly the plans that are being now worked out, all are parameterized to events that took place in Mesopotamia and Egypt before 5000 years; for this reason, the slightest details of the past can matter greatly. For this reason, the overwhelming focus on, and the fallacious propaganda about, the so-called Greco-Roman world and the Judeo-Christian civilization, function merely as the smokescreen, preventing average people to understand the true origin of the conflict. In this regard, the diverse surprises comprised in the Book of Daniel may only confirm first, the importance of Alexander’s mystical deed, which was deliberately discredited as a ‘myth’ or even banned from our world, and second, the evocation of the Seleucid omen. That is why the ‘burden of Damascus’ will surely remain unfathomable for today’s fake Jews, as long as Syria is not in the right hands.

In a forthcoming article, I will reveal how important the Seleucid heritage will prove to be in the forthcoming, inevitable termination of the present world order and of the postdiluvian life that the true humans were forced to implacably experience due to their earlier inexcusable sins.

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Israelis vs. Palestinians: 6 Concealed Historical Truths about the Lost Wars

In a previous article titled ‘Palestinians vs. Israelis: 11 Hidden Historical Truths about a Futile War’, I expanded briefly on crucial historical points that the Palestinians and the entire world do not know concerning first the History of the kingdoms of Ancient Israel and Judah and second the identity of today’s so-called Jews whose outright majority (85-90%), namely the Ashkenazi Khazarians, by all means are not Jews ethnically, linguistically, culturally and religiously. I also pointed out that even the Sephardic Jews, who make ca. 10-15% of the so-called World Jewry, are not entitled to the Promised Land (i.e. Palestine) as per historical evidence; furthermore, I made it clear that the Sephardim do not constitute part of the Chosen People (i.e. the ten lost tribes of Ancient Israel) whose ‘return’ was prophesied in the Old Testament. The article can be found here: https://www.academia.edu/107952726/Palestinians_vs_Israelis_11_Hidden_Historical_Truths_about_a_Futile_War

The Philistines, ancestors of Palestinians, captured and abducted the Ark of the Covenant, taking it to Philistia; fresco from the Aramaean (ethnically non-Jewish) Synagogue of Dura Europos (near Abu Kamal, by the bank of Euphrates, Eastern Syria; currently in the National Museum of Damascus) with representation of the scene (middle of 3rd c. CE). Will a Palestinian find the lost Ark and take it to Gaza?

I. The Spiritual and Moral Conditions of National Resistance

In the present article, I intend to offer a different perspective, revealing other hidden truths, which disastrously impacted the warring parties, engulfing them in a war that is not truly theirs but that of their respective masters. I have however to point out beforehand that similar situations and conditions can be attested in many other lands and among different nations. It is essential for all to understand that without identity clarity and in the absence of integrity coherence, not one nation can possibly achieve real sovereignty, national independence, and genuine self-determination. If this is hard for some to assess, I can help them by making the following two academic questions:

– Yes! The Palestinians have right to Palestine; but what is it good for them to have full control of the territory of their land, “from the River to the Sea” (من النهر إلى البحر; min al-nahr ila al-bahr) as they say (the statement was officially endorsed by PLO in 1964), if this, hypothetical, ‘independent’ Palestine is going to be as subordinate, subservient, obedient and docile a state as Tunisia, Egypt, Jordan, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Iran, Pakistan, Azerbaijan, Turkey, Greece, Macedonia, Albania and many other countries, which function in reality as disreputable protectorates of the colonial powers, i.e. France, England and the US?

– Who is the idiot who believes that these countries are ‘Muslim’ or ‘Christian’?

They are all evil realms of besotted followers, materialistic consumers, bastard rulers, academic liars, conniving journalists, and criminal politicians; they will all perish in the Hell that they deserve, because they shamelessly and immorally utilize selected excerpts of sacred texts for their Satanic interests.

Examining the lamentable and abhorrent History of Modern Occupied Palestine, many people -irrespective of their ancestry, culture, religion, and language- make a tremendous mistake without even noticing it. They focus on the innumerable and appalling atrocities carried out by the fake-Jewish, Zionist gangsters against peaceful and innocent Palestinians who were attacked and murdered in their villages in the 1940s, 1950s and ever since. Although these observers and commentators focus on real facts and highlight the historical truth by so doing, they also commit a terrible error that totally affects their overall judgment and final conclusion. Their evaluation is unilaterally material and materialistic; they would have been correct, had we been deprived of soul, spirituality, faith, Hereafter and God. These mistaken writers and scholars commit indeed the miscalculation that the worst enemies of Mankind want them to make.

There is no science without spirituality; there is no scholarly analysis without moral; there is no knowledge without life; there is no study without soul; and there is no news without faith. We are not bodies; the adversaries of Mankind want to turn us to impotent beings disconnected from our souls and plunged in sin, lawlessness, odium and iniquity. Failing to comprehend the daily developments and facts within the only correct context, namely our double, spiritual and material, subsistence, we instantaneously become Darwinists, evolutionists, materialists, and renegades of our faith, whatever it may be.

How can we comprehend historical developments and facts by also taking into account the spiritual and the moral conditions of our everyday life? The response to this question has been known for thousands of years thanks to religious texts; we can never forget, when examining our situation, the moral and the spiritual dimensions of every single act committed by a human. It is a terrible oversight not to consider that the present life is a brief passage of our souls from the material world; the rest, i.e. the Hereafter, matters much more. In fact, this life is merely an exam that we have to pass successfully; for what shall it profit a man, if he shall gain the whole world, and lose his own soul?

In fact, the hundreds of thousands or millions of Palestinians, who were indiscriminately ruined, dispossessed and murdered for the lawless, illegal, fallacious and criminal state of Israel to be set up and persist in order to spread iniquity, immorality, sinfulness, falsehood, unchastity, debauchery and inhumanity, gained eternal life in the Hereafter. What is higher distinction for a man than to exemplify the Biblical Job and the Quranic Ayyub as a lifelong innocent sufferer?

I have to add at this point that the aforementioned concept is neither Islamic nor Hebrew-Jewish nor Christian, but entirely Assyrian-Babylonian; it has first been a cardinal element of the Ancient Mesopotamian spirituality, moral, culture and civilization for centuries and millennia. Composed by Shubshi Mashra Shakkan (Šubši-mašrâ-Šakkan) in the 14th c. BCE, the primary text of Assyrian-Babylonian Wisdom ‘Ludlul bel Nemeqi’ (‘I praise the lord of wisdom’) is the first presentation of the subject. There is no originality in the Bible and the Quran; as divine revelations, they follow other earlier manifestations of the Divine among humans. In any case, about the absolute dependence of the so-called ‘Biblical world’ on the paramount civilizations of Ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt, I already wrote in my previous article.  

By stating the above, I do not mean that Palestinians should accept their fate passively and submit themselves to the dictates of the alien, sinful and criminal usurpers of the fair name of Ancient Israel and of the historical Jewish faith in order to perform the most monstrous and the most inhuman deeds in the History of Mankind. No! The Palestinians should never accept the villainous falsehood of the Ashkenazi Khazarians and the Zionist agenda.

However, there is an enormous difference between the resolute rejection of the lawless Ashkenazi Khazarian rule over Palestine and the self-inculpation of the Palestinians, who believe that they can do to the Israelis what the Israelis did to them. This is a trap for every faithful person; by hating enemies and by acting like them, humans lose their purpose in life, their faith and their soul. This can hardly be an option.

The spiritual and moral conditions of national resistance are however a vast topic that imposes extensive discussion; this is not however the topic of present article. All the same, I can herewith offer an example to best illustrate my approach. Perceiving the fabrication of the Zionist state as an entirely colonial affair and evaluating the evil behavior of the Zionists as clearly colonial of nature, we have to conclude that the famous Palestinian academic and philologist Edward Wadie Said (1935-2003) played a far more successful part in the struggle for the liberation of Palestine (and many other colonial and postcolonial lands) than Yasser Arafat (1929-2004).

Thanks to Edward Said’s ‘Orientalism’ (1978, Pantheon Books, 368 p.), millions or dozens of millions of people across the Earth realized that it is not enough that the former colonial ruler goes for you to be properly and completely decolonized (and since the colonial powers were Western) de-Westernized. Yasser Arafat created the structures of a resistance movement in Palestine; the Palestinian National Authority, following the Oslo Accords (1993-1995), is certainly to be credited to Yasser Arafat. But how much did living standards among Palestinians improve ever since? Did Palestinians achieve self-determination in the process?

Were the Oslo Accords respected by the state of Israel or effectively contravened? An objective observer would easily conclude that the agreements were misinterpreted and disrespected by the Zionist state which benefitted from the said treaty more than the Palestinians did.

Meanwhile the Palestinians did not even study and do not know at all the nature, the past, and the true identity of their enemies. Even worse, due to their commitment to endless but purposeless fight, killings, bombings, and conflict, the Palestinians did not even set up a proper national education among themselves and did not make of their past, heritage and identity a consciously and actively known reality of their cultural integrity and everyday life.

Making of devious political ideologies, like Pan-Arabism and Islamism (political islam), the foundation of their struggle for liberation was an extremely bad and detrimental mistake, which engulfed Palestinians in ineffective and unnecessary sacrifices that lead nowhere. Religion cannot be involved in governance; even more so when the type of governance is the vicious and inhuman modern system that we call ‘politics’, which did not exist in the past. When contaminated with politics, false religion opens the gates of Hell for the idiots who think they can use sacred texts and references to the divine, spiritual universe for their material benefit.

There cannot be politicization of religious affairs and there cannot be religization of political affairs.

What comes as nefarious surprise atop of all this is the fact that, when you are idiotic enough to rely on others for your liberation, then you inevitably become the victim of foreign schemers, who are not merely diplomats, agents and military officers; all the same, the truly worst in this case is that, when your supposed liberation becomes the concern of your interlocutor, you soon turn out to be a puppet, and your nation becomes merely the expendable material that is necessary not to your friends, allies or protectors (read: masters), but to other forces that control the governments and the universities of those ‘allies’, while staying in the shadows of the backstage.

That’s why Edward Said’s path was far more successful than that of Yasser Arafat. When it comes to the Palestinian independence, this option will certainly never happen, because behind the front office of the anti-Israeli company (namely PLO, Hamas, Hezbollah, etc.), there is a totally unknown back office (i.e. governments, states and secret organizations) that has developed for Palestine plans worse that the fake state of Israel itself.

II. 6 Points of Historical Clarification about the Israeli- Palestinian Conflict

I will now reveal a series of misperceptions, omissions, and falsehood diffused worldwide about the so-called ‘Palestinian Problem’. As a matter of fact, most people (Palestinians and Israelis included) have no clue of what is going on there; instead, totally false narratives are systematically spread in order to obscure and conceal the reality.

Point 1: Palestinians are not Arabs, but victims of Arabization and Pan-Arabism.

As it happens in every other Arabic speaking country, Palestinians were made to believe that they are Arab, but they are not at all. This misconception and fallacy was fabricated by 19th c. colonial Orientalists and imposed locally in every detached province of the Ottoman Empire that was colonized by the English and the French; the Americans followed in their footsteps. The false and evil concept targeted the true identity of all the peoples of the vast area, who were speaking very diverse languages and dialects from Morocco to Yemen to Oman. To implement their calamitous political decision, the colonial powers launched many Arabization campaigns in order to cut every chance of those -very different from one another- nations to launch a proper nation building process. It goes without saying that all this evildoing was carried out long before the formation of the political ideology of Pan-Arabism.

In striking contrast to the colonial evildoing and the Arab falsehood, the Libyans, Tunisians, Algerians, Moroccans and Mauritanians were -all- Berber of origin. The Egyptians were Copts, if we don’t count the Berbers in the Northwestern confines, the Nubians of the South, and the Beja (Blemmyes) of the Southeast provinces of Egypt. The Arabic-speaking Sudanese were Cushitic of ancestry, i.e. the descendants of both, the ancient kingdoms of Kerma, Napata (Cush) and Meroe and the Christian realms of Makuria and Alodia. Furthermore, the Arabic-speaking populations of the Ottoman provinces in Asia (in today’s Syria, SE Turkey, Lebanon, Palestine, Israel, Jordan, Iraq, Kuwait, SW Iran, UAE, and Qatar) were all Aramaeans. Last but not least, the Yemenites and the Omanis were all of Ancient Yemenite and Omani origin, and they were totally unrelated to the Arabs of Hejaz; Arabs existed only there and in the desert of the Arabian Peninsula. All the Sabaean, Qatabani, Himyarite and Hadhrami inscriptions that have been excavated in Yemen, deciphered, read and published testify to the historical truth that not even one drop of Arab blood can be found in Yemenite veins.

The gradual linguistic Arabization of the Palestinians was due to the process of Islamization; but like all the other Syriac Aramaic-speaking populations of the wider region, the Palestinians preserved their culture, tradition and ethnic identity. When it comes to ethnic amalgamation, the few Arabs who settled in Palestine could not form a noteworthy component and modify the ethnic identity, because the population of Hejaz at the time of prophet Muhammad did not amount to that of one big city in Syria, Mesopotamia or Egypt.

Furthermore, many people have become the victims of the Orientalist deception and the fallacy of ‘Arab conquests’; as a matter of fact, there were no Arab conquests at all. The early Islamic invasions were undertaken initially (633-636) by Arabs and Yemenites proselytes; later (636-642), the Islamic armies also incorporated many Aramaean converts originating from Damascus, parts of South Syria, and South Mesopotamia. After 642, the fighters of Islam had also Coptic neophytes.

Point 2: The Aramaean and Philistine Past of the Palestinians

Before the arrival of Islam, the Palestinians had been linguistically Aramaized, like many other nations of the wider region; in fact, Babylonians, Phoenicians and Jews were also linguistically Aramaized during the Late Antiquity, i.e. the Achaemenid, Seleucid, Parthian, Roman, Sassanid and Eastern Roman times (539 BCE-622 CE). During that period, the Palestinians amalgamated with Aramaeans, Phoenicians, Edomites (Idumeans), Egyptians, Macedonians, Greeks and Romans. Palestinian Aramaic is a relatively well documented language thanks to the Jerusalem Talmud, one Dead Sea scroll, and the Scroll of Fasting (מגילת תענית; Megillat Taanit). It is noteworthy that many Palestinians, like Aramaeans, accepted progressively the Jewish religion and, later, different variants of Early Christianity. Palestinian Syriac (also known as Christian Palestinian Aramaic) is the latest stage of that language, and it is also very well documented.

The first page of Megillat Taanit

Prior to their Aramaization, the Palestinians, then known as ‘Philistines’, did not have a writing system of their own, but several Philistine inscriptions have been unearthed recently (noticeably by Israeli archaeologists, not Palestinians). Written in the Phoenician alphabet and language, they offer scholars the chance to explore Philistine names, cognomens and toponyms, and to debate possible linguistic affiliations. The Ekron royal dedicatory Inscription is perhaps the longest text hitherto excavated (Ekron/ עֶקְרוֹן/ Ακκαρων was one the five Philistine cities). For its major part, the History of the Ancient Philistines is reconstituted on the basis of foreign historiography (involving Assyrian-Babylonian cuneiform, Egyptian hieroglyphic, Biblical Hebrew, and Ancient Greek sources) and archaeological record for the period 1200-500 BCE. 

A major moment of the Ancient Philistine History has to do with their achievement to capture and abduct the Ark of the Covenant (First Book of Kings, 5:1-6:21); the narrative does not include any mention of Samuel, but describes the adversities and the calamities caused to the Philistines due to the mere presence of the miraculous Ark in their lands.

Point 3: The Sea Peoples and the Peleset-Pelasgian-Cretan Ancestry of the Palestinians

The earliest stage of Palestinian-Philistine History is related to the Peleset, who are extensively documented in Egyptian hieroglyphic texts; there is an agreement among almost all specialists that ‘Peleset’ is the Egyptian name of that nation. As the Peleset-Philistines were the most belligerent element of the Sea Peoples, we know that before 3200 years, the ancestors of the Palestinians, who were then dwelling in the island of Crete and the South Balkans, participated along with many other rebel ethnic groups in the invasions of the ‘Sea Peoples’; this term was first used in the Ancient Egyptian historical texts.

The attacks and the expanding disorder and chaos brought down the Achaeans (Mycenaeans) in the South Balkans, the Hittites in Anatolia, the Amurru in today’s Syria, Ugarit, Byblos and several other Canaanite kingdoms, before being stopped by Ramses III, who defeated the warriors and dispersed them. Following their defeat, the Peleset settled in the southern coast of Canaan, which became later known as Philistia/Palestine.

Representation of the Battle of Djahy on the walls of the Medinet Habu mortuary temple of Ramses III

In the other end of the spectrum, the Peleset can be identified with the Pelasgians, the indigenous populations of South Balkans that the Achaeans found when they invaded the southernmost confines of the Balkans and set up their tiny kingdoms; the Pelasgians, who were the Achaeans’ worst enemies, are occasionally described in later historiography and Ancient Greek texts of the first millennium BCE. However, no information about them is found in the Achaean/Mycenaean texts (Linear B) of the 2nd millennium BCE, which makes of the Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphic texts (and notably the Annals of Ramses III) the earliest historical source about the Palestinians.

Point 4: Palestinian Islamists and Israeli Zionists: Criminal Accomplices in the Formation of a Deracinated Nation that functions as Expendable Material

I deliberately expanded much about the Palestinian History. This is a critical point as it consists in a consequence of the diffusion of Pan-Arabism and Islamism among the Palestinians: almost nothing of the above briefly mentioned stages of their historical past is known to the average Palestinians. Education manuals in the Palestinian National Authority and in the state of Israel contain almost no notion of Ancient History of Palestine and no reference to their origin from Crete and the South Balkans. Everything is done in a way so that the Palestinians are deprived of their past, know therefore nothing about it, and consequently feel as -and believe that they are- deracinated, without a rich archaeological and historical heritage.

Void of historical past and deprived of national heritage, Palestinians fall therefore victims of numerous pseudo-Muslim sheikhs who define the war as the basic task of their followers; this is utterly anti-Islamic and evil. The worst part of the lie is the theory that brutal acts, attacks, killings and atrocities are the best means of resistance and the shortest path to freedom, liberation and independence. This absurd delusion brought the Palestinian nation to its knees; even more disastrously, it exposed them to unnecessary sacrifice and pointless martyrdom, because the fake state of Israel was only consolidated in this manner.

Ignorance, fake education, national destitution, and compact idiocy are never conditions able to be beneficial to an oppressed and persecuted nation. Even worse, the travails of a subjugated and massacred nation are not a religious affair per se; it is a national affair instead. And when inanity and irrationality prevent an entire nation from assessing the tricks and identifying the lies of their enemy, we can conclude that the liberation struggle is sabotaged by the false leaders, who contribute to the historical deracination, educational degeneration, and intellectual disintegration of their own nation.

I can offer distressing examples in this regard; it is an undeniable fact that Israeli scholars and researchers know the historical past of Palestine -in its geographical entirety- incomparably better than the few Palestinian historians and archaeologists. For the Palestinians, this fact constitutes a defeat far worse than the (unquestionably illegal) occupation of their country. Identity and integrity are above all; guns and killings are for losers.

To make a contrast, I can evoke the case of the Oromo and the Somali nations; they constitute the two major nations in the Horn of Africa region. Both nations have been long oppressed and persecuted by the Amhara and Tigray Abyssinians. Occupied Oromia and the entire Oromo nation (more than 45 million Cushites of Eastern Africa) are in resistance against the colonial state of Abyssinia (Fake Ethiopia); Occupied Ogaden is an integral part of the Somali nation that has been repeatedly massacred in the most appalling manner by the (always friendly to the Zionist regime) governments of Addis Ababa (the historic, true name of the Oromian city is Finfinnee). But both nations, the Oromos and the Somalis, know, learn and study their past, historical heritage, cultural integrity, and national identity far better than their enemies do.

Palestinians failed even to detect why the Israeli occupation forces introduced the fallacious term ‘Israeli Arabs’ for the Palestinians who live within the borders of 1967 Israel. This is outrageous; by perniciously ‘Arabizing’ the Palestinians, the Israelis have carried out an effective De-Palestinization process, which is tantamount to ethnic cleansing and spiritual genocide. All the same, the lethargic and idiotic leaders of the Palestinians have not understood what this meant. Finally, thanks to their Palestinian Islamist accomplices, Israel’s Zionist authorities may one day rename the ‘Israeli Arabs’ as ‘Israeli Muslims’.

Point 5: Lack of Self-criticism brings Disaster, Death and Damnation

The aforementioned points lead us to a conclusive understanding of what the Palestinians truly missed ever since the Zionist project started being unfolded in their own land, already during the last two decades of the Ottoman Empire; they failed to resort to self-criticism, analyze their strengths, identify their weaknesses, study their enemy in-depth, examine the veracity of their friends, and find out the efficient and effective way to oppose the dreadful enemy.

It would be very wrong to accuse Palestinians for extremism and radicalization; this did not concern any Palestinian party, association or group prior to 1960. All the same, for many decades, the Palestinian reaction to the Zionist project was idle, if not friendly. Hassan Bey Shukri (1876-1940) was the first of a long list of Palestinians, who supported both the Balfour Declaration and the Zionist immigration project. He was appointed by the Ottoman administration as mayor of Haifa in 1914, but he committed an act of high treason against his own country, namely the Ottoman Empire.

Hassan Bey Shukri

The problem is not the act of a person like this, but the reasons behind the act. This is what the Palestinians failed to analyze. However, behind this type of treacherous behavior there is a very troublesome reason: the diffusion of the ideology of Pan-Arabism and the associated propaganda that English and French agents, diplomats and explorers carried out in their colonies and worldwide. Unfortunately, until now the Palestinians did not reach this conclusion, because they never imposed the task of self-criticism on them.

Then, after decades of idleness during which the Palestinians seemed to have come to terms with the Zionist agenda, they suddenly shifted to radicalization. Sadly, moving from one extreme to the opposite extreme, while remaining ignorant of one’s own past and heritage, can hardly help, particularly when opposing powerful enemies. What was happening in Palestine during the 1920s and 1930s heralded the cataclysmic developments of the 1940s; one could have expected this evolution, but the Palestinians did not. They thought that their fight against a merciless enemy with a long-term agenda far wider than just the territory of Palestine could possibly be successful when delivered on the spur of the moment. This is sheer paranoia; nations die and disappear in this manner.

On the contrary, self-criticism which is an imperative task for all Christian and Muslim Palestinians would help them realize that only deep rooted perspectives can oppose long term projects and agendas. Consequently, Palestinians should have rejected the disastrous help and the calamitous advice offered by the bogus-kings of the 1940s and the ludicrous presidents of the 1950s and the 1960s, who were merely the puppets of the English and the French. Being the main concerned entity, all the Palestinians should have realized that all these wars benefitted the Zionists, and not themselves and their hypothetical but fake allies. Finally, they were abandoned by almost all the governments of the Arabic-speaking countries.

There are still ignorant people, who insist that in June 1948 the invading Syrian, Trans-Jordanian, Iraqi, and Egyptian forces advanced considerably and they were close to victory; they say that it was a matter of ‘bad luck’ that they failed to bend the resistance of the Zionists and occupy the entire territory of Palestine. These fools forget that, among the invading forces’ military leaders, there was the notorious English lieutenant-general John Bagot Glubb (known as Glubb Pasha and Abu Humaik among the Jordanians and the Palestinians who were subservient and docile to their English masters). He was the commanding general of Transjordan’s Arab Legion from 1939 until 1956, and during the war, he would never allow Palestinian plans and wishes to be materialized.

These fools fail to understand the force that they intend to oppose; actually, if this hypothetical development (namely a Palestinian victory in July 1948) took place, one can be sure that the US army would immediately dispatch the necessary forces to invade Palestine and at the same time evacuate all the Palestinians from there. By speaking so blatantly, I don’t mean that the Zionist forces are invincible and that the Zionist project will be entirely implemented; I am convinced it will not. But the true obstacle to the evil forces can never be the result of ignorance, thoughtlessness and short-term sentimental reaction.

Point 6: the Interminable Failures of the Palestinians 

With this point, I will complete the present brief article. Expanding on the failures experienced by the Palestinians and more importantly by their leadership, one can produce an encyclopedia, but I will only offer few examples to demonstrate how different things would have been, had the successive Palestinian leaderships based their efforts and struggles primarily on knowledge, self-criticism, exploration of their past, investigation of the historical heritage of neighboring nations, accurate study of their enemy (or enemies), and independent action without concertation with fake states, political stooges, and colonial masters.

i- First of all, Palestinians failed to early assess the mistreatment of the indigenous Sephardic Jews by the newly arrived Ashkenazi Khazarians in early 20th c. Ottoman Palestine; as it is well-known, the Ottoman Empire invited the Sephardic Jews in 1492, after the end of the Granada war and the dissolution of the local caliphate. More specifically, Bayezid II sent Kemal Reis to save the Jews of Granada and he granted them permission to settle wherever they liked. Many made Palestine their home, and lived peacefully there for 400 years. However, as soon as the first fake-Jewish Ashkenazi Khazarians started arriving and establishing their Anti-Jewish kibbutzim, the Sephardic Jews rejected and denounced them as fake. There were many fights in the process. Quite unfortunately, both the Ottoman authorities and the Palestinian elders proved to be mentally defective and unable to assess correctly the threat and react accordingly. But a joint Jewish-Christian-Muslim Palestinian rebellion against the stupid and useless sultan in 1905 could really jeopardize the entire Zionist project.

Ashkenazim settlers organizing the first kibbutzim, Palestine – 1913

ii- Long before the collapse of the ill-fated Ottoman rule, Palestinians failed to identify their true allies, namely the Christian Aramaeans of Syria, Lebanon, and Mesopotamia, and set up an alliance with them. The Christian Aramaeans of the Ottoman Empire and Qajar Iran had been targeted by the Catholic and Protestant missionaries for more than 300-350 years; because of the Western infiltration both, the Monophysites/Miaphysites (or Jacobites) and the Nestorians, were divided, cheated with English and French promises of independence, and slaughtered. A Muslim-Christian Aramaean-Palestinian alliance would strengthen them all against both, the worthless Ottomans and the insidious Westerners.

iii- After the fall of the Ottoman Empire, Palestinians failed to realize that the Arabic-speaking Lebanese, Syrians and Iraqis, the Egyptians, and the Arabs of Hejaz, who collaborated with the English and the French, would never become ‘equal partners’ with their colonial masters and that, by becoming stooges of the Western powers, they were predestined to doom in this world and to face eternal damnation in the Hereafter. Consequently, Palestinians should have comprehended that the neo-colonial nature of all the Arabic-speaking states and the absence of nation building process in them prevented them from becoming trustworthy and valuable allies against the Zionists. Even after the 1948 Nakba (‘disaster’; النكبة), Palestinians should have realized that the reactions of the neighboring states against Israel failed, because those states were all fake.

iv- A long-term national project of education for Palestinians should have involved the dispatch of at least 1000 young Palestinians to Turkey, USSR, Germany and Italy in the 1930s. With the help of national stipends, they would study Ancient History, Languages and Religions of the Orient, History of the Western Colonialism, History of Christianity and Christological Disputes, and History of Western Europe. These students would then be able to unveil the evil face of the Western World to their compatriots in Palestine, extensively updating them about the true nature of the Jesuits, the Freemasons and the Zionists. However, Palestinians failed to understand the importance of Humanities and to envision a long-term effort. All radicals are stupid and ignorant engineers, who think they know History and have true faith!

v- Following the aforementioned oversights, omissions and failures, it was only normal for Diaspora Palestinians to imagine that they could move to Western Europe and North America, study and settle there. This proved to be an even worse debacle for the Palestinians because they failed to identify France, England and America as the reason of all of their problems; they did not perceive the viciousness of the lies said to them, and they believed them as true. This is how Palestinians and many other ignorant Muslims were radicalized only to serve the Freemasonic interests of England and the English secret services, which created many Islamist organizations and machinated the establishment of Islamist parties and states in order to launch a proxy war against the Zionists and their structure, the fake state of Israel.

vi- Depending totally on the deceitful English and French promises, advice and propaganda, the Palestinians were enslaved by thought; and even worse, being disastrously infiltrated by the secret services of the colonial powers (for which scores of Palestinians have been working), they never acted independently for their own interests – without taking into consideration the filthy words of every Faisal, Nasser, Gadhafi, and others. Otherwise, they could have planned and undertaken a long perspective project, namely to obtain power in Jordan and Saudi Arabia by means of a secretively carried out coup. But to undertake such an exploit, one must first ensure national impermeability and then drastically block every effort of infiltration.

The dire conclusion is that, innocent or guilty, faithful or disbelievers, moral or immoral, the average Israelis and Palestinians are being killed for the Anti-Jewish, Anti-Christian and Anti-Islamic interests of the Zionists, the Freemasons, and the Jesuits. These interests I will expose in a forthcoming article.

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Palestinians vs. Israelis: 11 Hidden Historical Truths about a Futile War

As I have been submerged by emails and questions sent by many friends, who asked me details about the ongoing war in Palestine/Israel, I decided to reply to all at once, by clarifying the major historical issues and religious factors that determine this conflict, which is predestined to bring the world to its knees one day or another.

Khazar coin from the Spillings Hoard recently found in Gotland, Sweden’s largest island (ca. 800 CE); the Arabic inscription reads “Moses is the messenger of God” in contrast to the typical Islamic coinage “Muhammad is the messenger of God”. Khazars and their offspring, namely the Ashkenazim, were not Hebrews and have therefore no right to the Promised Land. Even more importantly, their acceptance of Judaism seems to have been entirely false and deceitful.

I. No Religion subsists without Moral, and no Nation exists due to Fake History

The Palestinian problem is not an ethnic conflict and has no trait of religious war. This is so because neither the Palestinians have an ethnic identity nor the Israelis have a religion; for the former, few words of self-identification backed by compact ignorance do not constitute the expression of proper nation building; for the latter, theatrical performances supposedly of religious character do not consist in a religion.

No one is going to win this war, and when peace will be made, the World History’s most nefarious moments will start unfolding. A regrettable peace is by all means an unsolicited development. Fooled by pernicious propaganda, deceived by leaders and allies, attached to fake promises, and overwhelmed by delusions, people kill and are killed purposelessly due to the historical falsehood with which they have been indoctrinated, i.e. intoxicated.

When confusion prevails, no one has a clue of what truly happened in the past; this means that what he thinks that it happened in the past is rather a delusion necessary only to his indoctrination and to those who manipulate him for their own plans that they keep secret; there is no truth in such beliefs and convictions.

No human has the right to judge a disbeliever, who abhors even to speak about the Hereafter; men are not a substitute for God. Killing others without knowing either one’s own identity or the enemy’s is not a task entrusted by God but a madness assigned by the Evil. Only a fake believer thinks that he came to this world in order to kill others; but by so doing, he loses the Hereafter that he says that he believes in.

What is then the difference between two enemies of whom the first does not believe in God and in the Spiritual Universe, and the second says that he believes in, but acts as if he does not?

II. 11 Points of Historical Clarification about the Palestinian-Israeli Conflict

In the present succinct presentation, I will only enumerate and briefly refute the lies spread and believed worldwide about the so-called ‘Palestinian Problem’. In fact, the quasi-totality of Mankind has no clue of what is going on there; instead, totally false narratives are systematically diffused in order to obscure and conceal the reality.

Point 1: the Israelis are not ethnically Hebrew

The Ancient Hebrews were Semites; Abraham was a Babylonian from Southern Mesopotamia who left his country, followed the trade road to Southern Canaan, crossed Euphrates River near Harran (SE Turkey) and proceeded southwestwards. His offspring made their way to Egypt only to later leave that country and settle in Southern Canaan. Ancient Hebrew is a Northwestern Semitic language very close to Canaanite languages and to Phoenician. Modern Israelis are a composite society; they are made of a) Sephardic Jews, who are the descendants of the Ancient Jews of Late Antiquity, and of b) Ashkenazim Khazarians, who have Turco-Mongolian affinities. Not a drop of Hebrew blood can be found in the veins of the Ashkenazim.

Point 2: the Israelis are not religiously Hebrew

Ashkenazim Khazarians and Sephardic Jewish Israelis pretend to be Jewish of religion; this is very critical, because their claim to the land of Palestine, which is the southern part of Canaan, is based on exclusively religious considerations, beliefs and excerpts. However, from the moment of the establishment of the state of Israel (1948) down to our days, under the scheme of ‘politics’, ‘democracy’, ‘civil rights’, ‘human rights’ and many other evil Modern European concepts, a great number of laws made it possible for the inhabitants of the so-called ‘Jewish’ state to live in a deeply ‘anti-Jewish’ manner and to have ‘right’ to what for the Ancient Biblical standards is a lethal sin, an abominable act, and a blasphemous abomination. As per the norms of the Ancient Hebrew religion that the Israelis evoke to justify their claim to their land, hundreds of thousands or even millions of Israelis must be immediately executed for extreme disbelief, appalling fornication, and foremost atrocities.

Point 3: ‘Judaism’ is not identical to the Ancient Hebrew religion

The Ancient Hebrew religion is the faith of Abraham, Moses, Elijah and Jonah; it existed as long as the Hebrews prospered and lived in Southern Canaan; it is essential to take into consideration that the three pillars of the Ancient Hebrew religion were the Kings, the Prophets, and the Priests. However, after the Assyrian conquest of Samaria (722 BCE) and the Babylonian conquest of Jerusalem (587 BCE), there were no more kings and soon afterwards no more prophets. The exiled Jews in Babylonia and those who returned to Judaea after the Achaemenid conquest of Babylon (539 CE) had to rely only on the priesthood. This was a major change of religious character.

No Biblical texts have been saved from the times of the two Hebrew kingdoms (Israel with the ten tribes and Samaria as capital and Judah with the two tribes and Jerusalem as capital). From the Achaemenid, Seleucid, Ptolemaic and Roman times, we have substantive documentation about the Jewish religion (or Judaism) of those days. However, we easily realize that, except the Old Testament, they had many other religious books, notably the Aggadah, involving the Midrash and the Talmud, and the Halakha (i.e. various religious laws, including notably the Mishnah). Even more importantly, Ancient Hebrew was by then a dead language and all the Jews were speaking Aramaic dialects. That’s why they vitally needed the Targumim, i.e. the Aramaic translations of the Ancient Hebrew Biblical texts (like the Targum Onkelos and the Targum Jonathan).

Last but not least, many Aramaeans, particularly those relocated in Samaria and Galilee after the Assyrian conquest of Israel, accepted the Ancient Hebrew religion albeit with several variants. This is reflected in the New Testament references to the cult differences between the Samaritans (: the Aramaeans who were transported from Southern Mesopotamia and settled in the empty lands of Israel by Sargon II in period 722-718 BCE) and the Jerusalemite Jews.     

Point 4: Jews represented an apostate minority of the Hebrews

Immediately after the death of Solomon (930 BCE), his kingdom split into two parts: the northern kingdom of Israel with the ten tribes and capital at Samaria (today’s Nablus) under Jeroboam and the tiny southern kingdom of Judah with the two tribes and capital at Jerusalem under Rehoboam. The prophets of Israel reprimanded both kingdoms for their faithlessness; contrarily to what one could assume, the priesthood in both kingdoms was corrupt, worthless and subordinate to the kings. That’s why they were also rejected by the prophets.

The two kingdoms entered into endless alliances with Aramaean, Phoenician, Neo-Hittite and Philistine kingdoms against the rising power of Assyria, often fighting against one another. In 722 BCE, Sargon of Assyria (722-705 BCE) conquered Samaria and transferred the entire population of the northern state (Israel) to the northeastern confines of Assyria (in today’s Eastern Turkey and NW Iran). After the collapse of Assyria (614-609 BCE), the transferred Israelites were not found any more there; they are customarily called ‘the ten lost tribes of Israel’. About these facts, there are Assyrian-Babylonian texts and also Hebrew Biblical narratives.

——————- Recapitulation ———————- 

It is therefore critical that people do not confuse the terms:

  • Hebrews are the Ancient Israelites (10 tribes) and the Ancient Jews (2 tribes).
  • After 722 BCE, we cannot use the terms ‘Hebrew’ and ‘Israelite’ anymore, because the outright majority of them were lost. For historical periods, we have to use only the term ‘Jew’ (or Judean).
  • Modern Israelis have nothing to do with the Ancient Israelites; only few among the citizens of Modern Israel are Jews (the Sephardic), but the Jews are the descendants of the Kingdom of Judah, not Israel.
  • Modern Israelis have nothing to do with the Ancient Hebrews; only few among the citizens of Modern Israel are descendants of the Kingdom of Judah, which included a minor part (no more than 2 out of the 12 tribes) of the nation of David and Solomon.
  • It is essential to understand that not only in the Old Testament but also in the New Testament and in the Quran, the two terms ‘Jews’ and ‘Israelites’ are not overlapping one another, but contain conflicting connotations. Those taking ‘Israelites’ for ‘Jews’, when reading the New Testament and the Quran, are either ignorant or liars.
  • The name ‘Israel’ for the modern state set up in Palestine by the Zionists in 1948 is entirely false and totally ridiculous. None of the inhabitants has right to that name. This is an outrageous and scandalous historical distortion.

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Assyria, Aram-Dimashq, Israel and Judah; ca. 930 BCE

Point 5: the last historical state of the Jews was named Judah / Judaea, not ‘Israel’

Following the Achaemenid Iranian conquest of Babylon (539 BCE), the exiled Jews were allowed to return to the land of Judah; it is noteworthy that few did so. Many remained in Mesopotamia and their descendants stayed there down to Islamic and Modern times. It is also important to keep in mind that there were also Jewish communities in Egypt, notably in Aswan and the Elephantine Island, a major market and port of call in the trade roads between Egypt, Ancient Sudan (the historical Ethiopia), the Red Sea, and the Sahara. Later, with the foundation of Alexandria next to the Ancient Egyptian harbor of Rhacotis, numerous Jews settled there; two of the five districts of the Mediterranean city-harbor were entirely Jewish.

The existing material record helps us understand that, in the last pre-Christian centuries, the majority of the ethnic Jews lived outside Judaea. When the Hasmonean dynasty established a kingdom (ממלכת החשמונאים‎; Mamleket haḤashmona’īm) from 140 BCE to 37 CE, mostly a vassal state to the Seleucids and the Romans, its name was ‘Judah’ (or Judaea). This occurred irrespective of the fact that Hasmonean Judah controlled Samaria, Galilee, Peraea, and Idumea (Edom) in addition to Judaea itself. There was no reason to name the state ‘Israel’, because not one Israelite was left in Canaan after 722 BCE. This shows that it was totally absurd or irately intentional to name the Zionist state ‘Israel’ in 1948. In fact, they don’t represent the Ancient Israel in any sense.

Point 6: there is no right to the Promised Land for the Jews

Whereas the right to the Promised Land was bestowed on the Ancient Hebrews (the twelve tribes) whose majority went lost (the ten tribes of Israel), it is necessary to reveal now another well hidden historical truth. Based on the existing historical documentation, we realize that, in the aftermath of the Babylonian Exile, the Jews were a nation like all the others; they were greatly impacted by the Babylonians, the Aramaeans, the Iranians, the Egyptians, the Anatolians, and the Macedonians. Like the Phoenicians and the Aramaeans, they were involved in trade and they had a Diaspora living in many different countries. The Maccabee rebellion, which triggered the rise of the Hasmonean dynasty, was mainly directed against the cosmopolitan Jews who were ready to collaborate with the Macedonians and accept vast cultural, spiritual, intellectual and religious compromises. But there was no reference to any ‘right’ to the ‘Promised Land’ anymore; that is why the Hasmonean rulers reigned over lands that were not part of the territory, which Yahweh (or Elohim) had indeed accorded to their ancestors (as a tiny part of all the Hebrews) one millennium earlier. If the Maccabees did not lay claim to the Promised Land at the time of Antiochus IV Epiphanes, it is absolutely ludicrous now that the ethnically non-Jewish Ashkenazi Khazarians demand Palestine for them. Modern fake Israelis must therefore go.

Point 7: the entire Old Testament is a posterior fabrication full of distortions

Without their sacred scriptures, Ashkenazi Khazarians and Sephardic Jewish Israelis have no right to Palestine; but really, how authentic is the Old Testament? Western scholars raised similar questions about the Quran, which is supposed to have been uttered by prophet Muhammad in the early 7th c. CE, written subsequently by many copyists, and later established as a corpus. The earliest complete manuscripts date back to the late 8th c. and to 9th c. Only few manuscripts date indeed back to the 7th c. If this is considered as an academic problem in terms of manuscript authenticity and preservation, then both the Masoretic text (Hebrew Bible) and the Septuagint (Greek translation) make us raise serious questions about their originality, credibility and validity.

The Ketef Hinnom scrolls, which contain a variant of an excerpt from the Book of Numbers, are the only finding that date to the end of the 7th and the beginning of the 6th c. BCE. The Dead Sea Scrolls (2nd c. BCE – 2nd c. CE) contain the Pentateuch (Torah) and excerpts from the rest. Several other fragmentary findings contain small sections from different books of the Bible, but the complete Hebrew Bible’s earliest manuscripts (namely the Aleppo Codex, the Damascus Pentateuch, and the Leningrad Codex) date back to the 10th c.; this means almost 1500 years after the period during which most specialists believe today that these text were first written in the form they are presently found. Enormous gap of time!

When it comes to the Greek translation (the Septuagint), we know that the Codex Sinaiticus, the Codex Alexandrinus, and the Codex Vaticanus date back to the 4th- 5th c.; this means no less than 600-700 years after the translation was undertaken following the demand of Ptolemy II. Again, a really great gap of time! Taking into consideration the overwhelming religious changes that had taken place in the meantime, one can easily conclude that what we call the ‘Old Testament’ is the production of the exiled Jews in Babylon and that all earlier narratives and copies have been extensively rewritten, adjusted, altered and distorted.

Point 8: among today’s so-called ‘Jews’ only 10-15% are truly Jews: the Sephardi

There are four historical communities of Jewish Diaspora: Sephardic (originally from Spain, they spread throughout the Ottoman Empire after 1492), Mizrahi (from Egypt/Mizraim), Yemenite and Ethiopian (Falasha/Beta Israel). One can call them collectively as Sephardi in contrast to the Ashkenazi Khazarians. However, all of them constitute a tiny minority (10-15%) among all those who are denoted as Jews today, either in Israel or worldwide. As the execrable Zionist movement was an entirely Ashkenazi invention, the Sephardic Jews (who are the only true Jews in the world) are second class citizens in Israel; the fact that there are two chief rabbis, one Sephardi and one Ashkenazi, in the Chief Rabbinate of Israel means nothing. No major decision was ever made by a Sephardi in the bogus-state of Israel; Sephardi Jews are necessary only to be duly utilized and serve as an alibi for the establishment of the illegal state with the fake name. However, this key issue was never raised worldwide.

Point 9: today’s so-called ‘Jews’ are not ethnically Jewish: the Ashkenazim 

As I already pointed out, the Ashkenazim are thought to be Jewish, but they are not; due to their propaganda and because of their control of the worldwide mainstream media, they are believed to make ca. 85% of the so-called ‘world Jewry’, whereas they are not Jewish. They posture as ‘Jewish’, but they are of Turanian-Mongolian origin. This fact has not been duly comprehended by people worldwide. That is why people from different backgrounds fail to truly understand that the so-called Israelis have absolutely no right to Palestine. Khazars are very well known through numerous sources: Eastern Roman, Arabic, Farsi and Turkic texts mention them and describe their interaction with many other nations. In addition, the Khazar Correspondence is quite indicative in this regard; the Khazars never claimed to be the descendants of the ten lost tribes of Israel, and they never laid claim to Palestine. It happened only recently, when the Zionist Ashkenazi descendants of the Khazars launched their baseless eschatological project.

If we examine what the Khazars did over the past 1200 years, we will soon realize that it is tantamount to today’s North Koreans accepting -massively but fallaciously- Judaism as religion and ‘as a consequence’ claiming to have right to the Promised Land. This would be a joke; who would accept that just because of their conversion to Judaism the North Koreans have right to Palestine?

The example of the Aramaean populations of Adiabene (Hadyab), a Parthian vassal kingdom, is well-known; the inhabitants of Northeastern Mesopotamia and Transtigritane accepted Judaism as religion in the 1st c. CE. Queen Helena of Adiabene built a royal palace in Jerusalem, which has been recently excavated, but they did not lay any claim to the ‘Promised Land’.

There is no right to ‘return’ to the Promised Land for the Ashkenazi Khazarians, because their ancestors were never there. In other words, the evoked eschatological dimension of the Zionist project is nil; it is just a shameless gibberish with which the entire mankind has been overwhelmingly fooled and deceived particularly by the villainous Evangelicals, Anglicans, and other pseudo-Christian heretics who take pro-Zionist positions.

Khazars-Ashkenazim, Turanians and Eastern Slavs in trade negotiations, as the scene was envisioned and painted by the Russian painter Sergey Vasilyevich Ivanov (Сергей Васильевич Иванов; 1864-1910)

Point 10: Reform Judaism is not Judaism

The impact exerted by Western European intellectual, academic and philosophical systems on the Ashkenazi Khazarians and the Sephardic Jews was calamitous. In contrast to Zionism, which -at the ideological-political level- is a form of nationalism impossible to be consistent with historical Judaism, Reform Judaism is a devious ideological system that accepted a definitely non-Biblical theistic standpoint, the evil concept of a personal God, and a liberal, heretic, interpretation of the Biblical and the Talmudic texts. Calamitously impacted by German idealism, Reform Judaism shrunk ‘revelation’ to mere ‘inspiration’, thus exposing the Ashkenazim Khazarians and the Sephardic Jews to Renaissance, Classicist, Hellenist and Modernist ideas and notions. This was an outrage, as it distorted Jewish spirituality, compromised the traditional morality, modified the faith, and conditioned the religion.

Exposing adepts to the Western concept of Modernity, Reform Judaism forcefully promoted rationalism, scientific criticism of sacred texts, materialism, evolutionism and agnosticism among the Ashkenazim and the Sephardim alike. Conservative Judaism and Orthodox Judaism failed to oppose Reform Judaism, while Reform Zionism impacted Zionists by presenting Judaism as a universal religion. Nonsensical and disastrous, Reform Judaism promoted Americanization, while rejecting a return to Zion for religious-theological purposes. Compatible with the Jesuit eschatological agenda, Reform Judaism and Reform Zionism attracted followers among the US Democratic Party and dispatched Ashkenazi Khazarians to Israel only to wait for the Antichrist to come.  

Oppressed and persecuted by the czars, the Ashkenazi proceeded westwards.

Point 11: Modern Hebrew (Ivrit) is a fake, constructed, non-Semitic language 

As I explained in earlier parts of the present article, Ancient Hebrew was already a dead language at the time of the Macedonian Seleucid Empire of Syria; the mother tongue of Jesus was Aramaic, and this fact is easily demonstrated across the texts of the Gospels. Diaspora Jews spoke Aramaic, learned Ancient Hebrew as a religious language, and were familiar with the various local languages that were native in the various lands where they were dispersed. Mixed idioms were formed from place to place notably Judeo-Arabic (involving 5-6 dialects) and Ladino, which is Judaeo-Spanish. This concerns the Sephardic Jews, as well as the Mizrahi and the Yemenite Jews.

On the other hand, the Khazar language evolved into what we now call Yiddish, which is a linguistic amalgamation of German, Aramaic and Hebrew, Slavic, Turkic and Romance languages. Yiddish was the native language of the Ashkenazim since the 13th c., when the earliest documents are dated. For the Zionist project and the fake return that they wanted to produce, implementing their eschatological agenda, the existence of numerous dialects caused a serious problem; they needed one only language that would become the official language of the state that they envisioned to create. An even worse trouble was due to the fact that the grammatical structure of the Semitic languages is very different from that of the Turkic-Turanian and the Indo-Germanic linguistic groups, thus making the study of Ancient Hebrew and Aramaic very difficult for the Ashkenazim. On the contrary, the Jews, who spoke Judeo-Arabic (and therefore knew Arabic), could easily learn Ancient Hebrew, because the respective structures of grammar and syntax are almost identical.

For this reason, the earliest stage of the Zionist project does not start with the notorious World Zionist Congress (1897), but with the long process of the so-called ‘Revival of the Hebrew Language’, which has nothing to do with a proper ‘revival’. On the contrary, it concerns the fabrication of a hybrid language based on a) basic vocabulary extracted from Ancient Hebrew and Aramaic and b) Indo-Germanic grammar and syntax. Although the precursor of the movement lived in the 18th c. (Moshe Chaim Luzzatto; 1707-1746), the leading figures covered the span from the middle 19th c. to the middle 20th c. (Abraham Mapu, Mendele Mocher Sfarim, Asher Zvi Hirsch Ginsberg, David Frischmann, Shaul Tchernichovsky, Micha Josef Berdyczewski, Uri Nissan Gnessin, Devorah Baron, Zevi Scharfstein, and above all Eliezer Ben-Yehuda). This absolutely fake and constructed language (like Modern Greek) is an ahistorical machination that became the official language of the fake state of Israel. Without it, there could never be a ‘state of Israel’.

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Hatshepsut, Thutmose III, Akhenaten, Ramesses III & Moses’ Double Stratagem against the Sea Peoples

Serabit al Khadim, the Exodus, the Red Sea Crossing, and why Mount Sinai’s True Location was confused in Late Antiquity

Хатшепсут, Тутмос III, Эхнатон, Рамсес III и двойная стратегия Моисея против народов моря

Серабит-эль-Хадим, Исход, Разделение Красного моря, и почему истинное местоположение горы Синай было запутано в поздней античности

Serabit al Khadim, Temple of Hathor

Contents

Introduction

I. Mount Sinai (or Horeb): from the Pentateuch to Itinerarium Egeriae

II. The Exodus: Reconstruction of the Path and Textual Changes (?) from the Septuagint to the Masoretic Text

III. From Hatshepsut and Thutmose III to Akhenaten’s Monotheism, and from Merneptah (the Pharaoh of the Exodus) to Ramesses III

IV. Serabit al Khadim and the Temple of Hathor: a Major Egyptian Site

V. Straits of Tiran: Red Sea Crossing, World Politics, and Moses’ Formidable Double Stratagem

VI. Iranians, Macedonians, Aramaeans, Romans: Reasons for the Confusion about the True Location of Mount Sinai

VII. From Ptolemy’s Geography to Al Biruni’s Chronology

Содержание

Введение

I. Гора Синай (или Хорив): от Пятикнижия к Паломничеству Этерии

II. Исход: реконструкция пути и текстовые изменения (?) от Септуагинты к масоретскому тексту

III. От Хатшепсут и Тутмоса III до монотеизма Эхнатона и от Мернептаха (фараона Исхода) до Рамсеса III.

IV. Серабит-эль-Хадим и храм Хатхор: главное место Египта

V. Тиранский пролив: Разделение Красного моря, мировая политика и грозная двойная стратегия Моисея

VI. Иранцы, македонцы, арамейцы, римляне: Причины путаницы относительно истинного местоположения горы Синай

VII. От географии Птолемея к хронологии Аль Бируни

Biaw: part of Lower Egypt’s 14th ‘nome’ (administrative division)

Introduction

Mount Sinai and the Sinai Peninsula are not located where you think they are. Consequently and more importantly, the Ancient Hebrews and the Egyptians monotheists, who left with them, did not cross the Red Sea near the modern cities of Suez or Ismailia (Timsah Lake).

Certainly, I am not the first to state this fact. There have been several other explorers and researchers who first discussed the topic, examined closely all the related aspects, and even undertook expeditions to find out eventual remains of the true Mount Sinai, which is not located in the peninsula, which by mistake bears its name.

If I intend to herewith present a brief commentary on the topic, this is entirely due to my desire to underscore two points that ought to have been noticed long ago. I have to admit that the sojourn of the Ancient Hebrews in Egypt (Kemet/Mizraim) and their Exodus generated tons of publications and endless polarizations, particularly because the topics are a matter of common heritage and at times divergent traditions for Jews, Christians and Muslims. Different textual sources, distinct interpretations, and overreliance on later and apparently distorted traditions contributed to the slow formation of stereotypes that have been repeated for long.

The end result involved unfortunately the typical Western academic conventionalism and conformism, the demonization of pioneering explorers, and the vilification of any scholar who would question the supposedly sacrosanct conclusions of the modern academic disciplines. Even more confusingly, Western European painters and artists worsened the problem by producing terribly misleading representations of the Biblical stories onto which they merely projected their own illusions, delusions and unsubstantiated understanding of the historical past.

I. Mount Sinai (or Horeb): from the Pentateuch to Itinerarium Egeriae

Four (out of the five) books of the Torah detail the event that Reform Judaism (so: fake Judaism) calls ‘the founding myth’ of the Ancient Hebrews: Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy. However, in spite of the numerous details, there is no topographical-geographical accuracy in these narratives that may have been written in an early form in the 11th-10th c. BCE, but the earliest composition of the presently preserved text is impossible to be dated before the late 6th and early 5th c. BCE. This fact, in and by itself, dramatically conditions the chances of the Biblical text to offer a shred of authoritative evidence, particularly if we take into consideration the great changes that had occurred in Egypt, Mesopotamia and Canaan, which are the main regions involved in the text. About:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yehud_Medinata

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Exodus

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Exodus

Modern Jewish and Christian commentators, failing to comprehend the span of time between the events described and the dates of the earliest composition and the ultimate compilation of the Biblical text, focused excessively on the 42 stations of the Exodus that are mentioned in Numbers 33, trying to eventually locate the stations of the Ancient Hebrews; this ended up in enormous confusion, because these locations are either broadly defined or described in relative terms.

One of these stations is Midbar Sin, i.e. the Wilderness of Sin; this expression is attested in Exodus 16:1 and 17:1, and in Numbers 33:11–12. I have to add that Sin is a toponym in this case. This is the earliest form of reference to the wider region where Mount Sinai is located. There is also reference to the Sinai Wilderness, which is found in Exodus 19:1–2 and in Number 10:12 and 33:15–16. But the identification of the sacred mountain with what is called Jabal Musa (Moses’ Mountains) in modern times is fully unsubstantiated and absolutely arbitrary.

Actually, German theologians of the school of Julius Wellhausen, after extensive examination of the four different historical sources of the Old Testament, noticed that the name ‘Sinai’ occurs only in two of them (i.e. the Jahwist and the Priestly sources); contrarily, in the other two sources (namely the Elohist and the Deuteronomist), the same always mountain is named ‘Horeb’. The etymology and the meaning of the name ‘Sinai’ are still a matter of debate, but the most commonly accepted opinion involves an association with Sin, the Assyrian-Babylonian aspect of the divine world that was symbolized with the Moon. In Neo-Assyrian times (1244-609 BCE), within the context of Sargonid monotheism, Sin became a symbol for the Assyrians, who explicitly considered themselves as the ‘Chosen People’ of the Only God, Assur. About:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stations_of_the_Exodus

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilderness_of_Sin

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zin_Desert

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Sinai_(Bible)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Sinai#Islam

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Sinai_(Bible)#Jabal_Musa

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documentary_hypothesis

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossing_the_Red_Sea

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sources_and_parallels_of_the_Exodus

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textual_variants_in_the_Book_of_Exodus

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plagues_of_Egypt

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pillars_of_fire_and_cloud

Ancient Egyptian narratives, which antedate and may have served as point of reference for the Biblical text (notably the description of calamities such as “the river is blood”): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipuwer_Papyrus

The two appellations (Hebrew: Har Sinay; Aramaic: Tura deSinay) are at the origin of the Quranic expressions Tur Saina, Tur Sinin, at-Tur and al-Jabal (just: ‘mountain’). However, the identification of the location is not a matter of the Quran, but of purely subjective and unsubstantiated opinions of Muslims who made the same mistake as the Christians of the times of the Eastern Roman Emperor Justinian I, who ordered the construction (548-565) of what is today the oldest continuously occupied Christian monastery (دير القدّيسة كاترين; Μονὴ τῆς Ἁγίας Αἰκατερίνης). Although the existence of monastic life in this region, as documented in the Itinerarium Egeriae (written ca. 385 CE), proves that the location was identified as the Mount Sinai at the time, nothing exists to demonstrate significant antecedence and historical continuity for this identification. No less than 1500 years separate the Exodus and the Christian nun Egeria, who traveled in the Orient and wrote down her itinerary. About:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Catherine%27s_Monastery

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egeria_(pilgrim)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Sinai_(Bible)#Suggested_locations

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Serbal

It is on such wrong maps of Egypt that the wrong reconstruction of the path of the departing Egyptian monotheists and Ancient Hebrews has been based. This map is entirely wrong, because it does not show a) the Egyptian oases, b) the Red Sea harbors of Ancient Egypt, c) North Sudan down to at least the fourth cataract of the Nile {which was an area in which the Ancient Egyptians at times were the sole rulers and at times interacted with the local Cushitic (Ancient Sudanese) kingdoms}, d) at least the western half of the so-called Sinai Peninsula (which was integral part of Egypt), e) the southern half of Canaan (which was either annexed to Egypt or ruled by vassal kings or princes), and f) large swathes of today’s Libyan territory where the Ancient Egyptians interacted with the local Berber princes, who often had significant positions and career in Kemet (Ancient Egypt).

Typically wrong (if not foolish) reconstruction of the path taken after the Exodus

Typically wrong (if not foolish) reconstruction of the path taken after the Exodus

Typically wrong (if not foolish) reconstruction of the path taken after the Exodus

Typical Freemasonic Protestant Anglo-Zionist absurdity and paranoia: they ‘think’ that the ‘departure’ (Exodus) started in the Valley of the Nile! Read the original legend of the forged map to laugh at will: «Jericho. Israel leave Elim (Exo.16:1) Tabernacle erected (Exo.40:17) Israel arrive at Sinai (Exo.19:1) Israel leave Sinai (Num.10:11) 1yr 2mth 15dy. 1yr 3mth 15dy. 2yr 1mth 1dy. 2yr 2mth 20dy. Punon. Moses ascends mount Sinai 7 times. Israel leave Egypt (Num.33:3) Israel spent 9 months constructing the Tabernacle. Spies enter the land – Kadesh (Num.13:20) 1yr 1mth 1dy. 1yr 1mth 14dy. 1yr 1mth 15dy. 2yr 1mth 14dy. 2yr 4mth. Passover (Exo.12:6) Passover (Num.9:1-3) Ritual Calendar established (Exo.12:2)»

A far more reasonable and more plausible itinerary based on common sense and closer study of all the related historical sources – not only the Biblical text.

II. The Exodus: Reconstruction of the Path and Textual Changes (?) from the Septuagint to the Masoretic Text

The reconstitution of the trajectory that the Ancient Hebrews and the Egyptian monotheists pursued after leaving Egypt produced an incredible number of books and articles, which are mostly delusional in their major assumptions, although they may contain countless pieces of historical truth. Modern scholarship refuted most of the efforts of reconstruction in the light of enormous mistakes that happen to be found in the Biblical text. Even the name that the Biblical author uses to denote the land where the Ancient Hebrews were settled in Egypt is otherwise unknown and meaningless in Hebrew (Goshen); several Egyptologists tried to offer potential interpretations, based on Ancient Egyptian toponyms and vocabulary.

The duration of the Hebrew sojourn in Egypt is also questionable. Consequently, even the date of the Exodus is debatable. In the past, scholars and religious propagandists preferred to date the event in the middle of the 15th c., which is highly improbable. After the documentation made available due to Orientalist research during the 19th and the early 20th c., a ‘lower’ date (middle to end of the 13th c.) seemed to be more plausible. In fact, anyone who attempts to write about the topic today without having first studied extensively original Ancient Egyptian sources relating to the rise and fall of the Egyptian monotheism (Atenism) at the time of the 18th dynasty is doomed to draw the wrong conclusions. About:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_of_Goshen

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob#In_Egypt

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_(Genesis)#Family_reunited

https://biblicalstudies.org.uk/article_exodus_date.html

The various efforts of reconstruction of the path followed by all those who followed Moses in Yezi’at Mizrayim (יציאת מצרים/departure from Egypt) can be basically categorized into five main groups of modern scholars, namely those who support one of the following alternatives:

i- the Mediterranean Sea road;

ii- the northeastern confines of the Delta, north of the Bitter Lakes region;

iii- the eastern confines of the Delta, through the Bitter Lakes region;

iv- the northern end of the Gulf of Suez; and

v- the crossing of the Gulf of Aqaba.

Within each group there may be variants or sub-groups; for instance, in the fifth category, Ron Wyatt places the crossing in the area of Nuweiba, whereas Robert Cornuke proposed the idea of a land bridge at the Strait of Tiran.

The categorization encompasses another scholarly debate, namely the interpretation of the Ancient Hebrew term ‘Yam Suph’ (יַם-סוּף), which literally means ‘sea of the reeds’; these are the Ancient Hebrew words used in the Bible for the sea that Moses and his followers crossed during the Exodus. Now, the very serious problem is that the Septuagint version offers a rather bizarre translation of the term, rendering it in Alexandrian Koine as ‘Red Sea’ (Ερυθρά Θάλασσα). This inexplicable situation impacted the judgment of many researchers greatly, because some scholars took the Masoretic text as guide in their effort to reconstitute the Exodus route, whereas others accepted the Septuagint translation. In fact, the most original sources (Septuagint, Peshitta, and Samaritan Pentateuch) stick to the term ‘Red Sea’. About:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yam_Suph

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koine_Greek

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Sea

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masoretic_Text

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samaritan_Pentateuch

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshitta

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septuagint

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mizraim

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/מצרים

At this point, I must clarify that during the Antiquity, the term ‘Red Sea’ did not have the connotation that it has in modern times; this geographical term denoted the following bodies of water (as used with their meaning in modern languages):

a) the Red Sea,

b) the Persian Gulf, and

c) the Indian Ocean from the Eastern African coast lands to Indochina and Indonesia.

Within the limits of the present article, I cannot expand on the topic, but I have to underscore that the historical name was tantamount to a general description of what we would call today ‘the southern seas’.

All the same, only religious dogmatism, academic doctrinairism, ideological authoritarianism, and intellectual opinionatedness can lead so many scholars, explorers and religious schemers to such extreme disregard of few Biblical verses, which undeniably clarify the whole matter to some extent, totally canceling some of the above mentioned five options.  

III. From Hatshepsut and Thutmose III to Akhenaten’s Monotheism, and from Merneptah (the Pharaoh of the Exodus) to Ramesses III

The verses 17 and 18 of the 13th chapter of Exodus help us recreate the Exodus route as pursued according to God’s will and following a miraculous intervention; the text reads:

“And when Pharaoh had sent out the people, the Lord led them not by the way of the land of the Philistines, which is near; thinking lest perhaps they would repent, if they should see wars arise against them, and would return into Egypt. But he led them about by the way of the desert, which is by the Red Sea: and the children of Israel went up armed out of the land of Egypt.” (English translation of the Vulgata)

(Septuagint: Ὡς δὲ ἐξαπέστειλε Φαραὼ τὸν λαόν, οὐχ ὡδήγησεν αὐτοὺς ὁ Θεὸς ὁδὸν γῆς Φυλιστιείμ, ὅτι ἐγγὺς ἦν· εἶπε γὰρ ὁ Θεός· μήποτε μεταμελήσῃ τῷ λαῷ ἰδόντι πόλεμον, καὶ ἀποστρέψῃ εἰς Αἴγυπτον. καὶ ἐκύκλωσεν ὁ Θεὸς τὸν λαὸν ὁδὸν τὴν εἰς τὴν ἔρημον, εἰς τὴν ἐρυθρὰν θάλασσαν, πέμπτῃ δὲ γενεᾷ ἀνέβησαν οἱ υἱοὶ Ἰσραὴλ ἐκ γῆς Αἰγύπτου.)

(Vulgata: igitur cum emisisset Pharao populum non eos duxit Dominus per viam terrae Philisthim quae vicina est reputans ne forte paeniteret eum si vidisset adversum se bella consurgere et reverteretur in Aegyptum. Sed circumduxit per viam deserti, quæ est juxta mare Rubrum: et armati ascenderunt filii Israël de terra Ægypti.)

(Masoretic text: וַיְהִי, בְּשַׁלַּח פַּרְעֹה אֶת-הָעָם, וְלֹא-נָחָם אֱלֹהִים דֶּרֶךְ אֶרֶץ פְּלִשְׁתִּים, כִּי קָרוֹב הוּא: כִּי אָמַר  אֱלֹהִים, פֶּן-יִנָּחֵם הָעָם בִּרְאֹתָם מִלְחָמָה–וְשָׁבוּ מִצְרָיְמָה . וַיַּסֵּב אֱלֹהִים אֶת-הָעָם דֶּרֶךְ הַמִּדְבָּר, יַם-סוּף; וַחֲמֻשִׁים עָלוּ בְנֵי-יִשְׂרָאֵל, מֵאֶרֶץ מִצְרָיִם)

(English translation of the Masoretic text: And it came to pass, when Pharaoh had let the people go, that God led them not by the way of the land of the Philistines, although that was near; for God said: ‘Lest peradventure the people repent when they see war, and they return to Egypt.’ But God led the people about, by the way of the wilderness by the Red Sea; and the children of Israel went up armed out of the land of Egypt.)

(English translation of the Samaritan Pentateuch: And it came to pass, when Pharaoh had let the people go, that God led them not through the way of the land of the Philistines, although that was near; for God said, Lest peradventure the people repent when they see war, and they return to Egypt: But God led the people about, through the way of the wilderness of the Red sea: and the children of Israel went up harnessed out of the land of Egypt.) About:

https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0213.htm#1

http://www.imgap.gr/file1/AG-Pateres/AG%20KeimenoMetafrasi/PD/02.%20Exodus.htm

https://www.stepbible.org/version.jsp?version=SPE

https://www.stepbible.org/?q=version=SPE|reference=Exo.13

https://vulgate.org/ot/exodus_13.htm

https://sacred-texts.com/bib/vul/exo013.htm#017

This text automatically cancels any modern reconstruction effort that involves the Mediterranean route (‘the land of the Philistines’); more characteristically, the text underscores the topographical fact that the said option would be, truly speaking, a real shortcut. Even more importantly, in the text, God explains the reason for which by miraculous intervention the Ancient Hebrews were diverted from the said route. Departing from Egypt, they would have been exposed to various wars, which may eventually have convinced them to return to Egypt. This is quite telling! However, to duly grasp the meaning of the verse, one must have a markedly Egyptological reading of the Exodus narrative.

Every pertinent historico-religious research about the rise of monotheism in Egypt and among the early Hebrews starts with the very slow ascent of the solar cult and spirituality (Atenism) during the 18th dynasty and, more specifically, during the reigns of (Amenhotep IV’s) Akhenaten’s four predecessors, namely Amenhotep III (1388-1351 BCE), Thutmose IV (1397-1388 BCE), Amenhotep II (1427-1397 BCE), and Thutmose III (1479-1425 BCE). All the scholars and explorers, who focus particularly on the dramatic events of the reigns of Akhenaten (1351-1334 BCE) and of his three successors, i.e. Smenkhkare (1335-1334 BCE), Neferneferuaten (1334-1332 BCE) and Tutankhaten-Tutankhamen (1332-1323 BCE) until the final restoration of the Amun polytheism (in the third year of Tutankhaten’s reign), forget that the deep rejection of the Amun blasphemy, which characterized almost all the monarchs of the 18th dynasty may in fact have started with the frontal opposition between Hatshepsut (1479-1458 BCE) and her nephew and stepson Thutmose III.

Wife of Thutmose II (1493-1479 BCE), Hatshepsut not only prevented her nephew from ruling, but added insult to injury, as in her vicious attempt to justify her rule, she presented herself as product of Theogamy, sacrilegiously pretending that the scandalous abomination of Amun had sexual intercourse with her mother. So absurd and paranoid her monstrous attempt was that in reality she stripped herself of her royal ancestry (she was the daughter of Thutmose I; 1503-1493). Thutmose III had however to live for 20 years in a secluded part of the temple of Amun of Karnak, protected by the monotheist sacerdotal college, which nominally accepted Amun Trinity only to gain time in their effort to overthrow or physically exterminate the blasphemous queen. That is why when his aunt was eliminated, Thutmose III, who proved to be Ancient Egypt’s greatest conqueror and one of the very few pharaohs to have ever marched up to the bank of Euphrates, ordered the deletion of Hatshepsut’s impious name from every inscription and relief.

The above brief description means that, before 1349 BCE (second year of Akhenaten’s reign when -during the Sed festival- Atenism was officially proclaimed), a real religious war was already going on in Egypt for no less than 130 years (after the death of Thutmose II). The outstanding Atenist monotheist upheaval and Egypt’s transformation consisted in an unprecedented renewal that eclipses by far the Christianization of the Roman Empire and the Islamization of Arabia in terms of spiritual magnificence, solemnity, majesty, piety, simplicity, divine epiphany, and royal forcefulness.

The three shocking decades (from Akhenaten’s rise to the throne to Tutankhamen’s funerals) that Egypt lived in the middle of the 14th c. BCE have no equivalent in World History, because they involve the rise and the fall of one of the purest forms of monotheistic religion ever accepted as state dogma. The white terror, which was launched against all monotheists during the reigns of the rancorous priest Ay (1323-1319 BCE) and of the cruel soldier Horemheb (1319-1292 BCE), continued during the reigns of the first four pharaohs of the 19th dynasty, namely Ramesses I (1292-1290 BCE), Seti I (1290-1279 BCE), Ramesses II (1279-1213 BCE) and Merneptah (1213-1203 BCE). This is exactly the atmosphere of oppression and persecution that the Biblical text intended to highlight and reflect. Ramesses II must have most probably been the pharaoh whom Moses encountered.

This means that, at the moment of the encounter (around the very last years of the old pharaoh), the religious polarization and clash between the monotheists and the polytheists in Egypt had already lasted for about 260 years (1479-1219 BCE), whereas the severe persecution of the Egyptian (and other) monotheists was the ordinary condition of daily life for no less than a century (1329-1219 BCE). Merneptah is the true pharaoh of the Exodus; however, he had even more serious troubles to face than the rebellious monotheists, who apparently could not anymore live in Egypt. During his reign, Egypt had to oppose the alliance between the Berbers (‘Libyans’) and the Sea Peoples, because the first, rather smaller, attacks of those barbarians had started.

This event is good enough to explain why the aforementioned Biblical excerpt clearly states that God did not want to allow the departing Ancient Hebrews to go “by the way of the land of the Philistines”: the Philistines of the Biblical text are none other than the Peleset of the Ancient Egyptian texts, who were one of the rebellious Sea Peoples and participated in the attacks against Egypt that Ramesses III (1186-1155 BCE) was able at last to vanquish and disperse. The Peleset-Philistines are identified as the Pelasgians who lived in South Balkans and were the ferocious enemies of the Achaeans and the Hittites. So, when the first waves of the disorderly and barbarian Peleset-Philistines-Pelasgians were arriving in the southern coastland of Canaan (where they settled, therefore becoming the ancestors of today’s Palestinians), the Biblical God did not obviously want his chosen people to intermingle with them.

Better comprehended after the study of a geographical map, this explicit statement does not only cancel the first of the above mentioned five options, but it totally wipes out the first four options because, in spite of existing variants, the supporters of these suggestions reconstruct eventual routes that -all- pass relatively close from the South Canaan coast lands where the Peleset-Philistines-Pelasgians had started settling. However, there is an even stronger argument in favor of the fifth option. About:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atenism

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhenaten#Atenism

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sed_festival

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarna_Era

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarna_Period

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nineteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharaohs_in_the_Bible

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merneptah

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_Peoples

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramesses_III

https://biblearchaeology.org/research/exodus-from-egypt/2264-mount-sinai-is-not-jebel-allawz-in-saudi-arabia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Exodus

Hatshepsut: the evil polytheist who invented the concept of ‘Theogamy’ in order to justify the usurpation of throne and her immoral and illegal rule

Hatshepsut’s mortuary temple at Deir al Bahari, Luxor West

Making offerings to Amun: Hatshepsut’s mortuary temple at Deir el-Bahari

Offerings made to Amun

Amun and Ahmose sitting opposite each other in heaven, which is symbolized by two female divinities supporting them; Amun holds the Ankh to Ahmose’s nose and mouth so that she can breathe in the divine essence and conceive the god’s child.

Deir el Bahari textual evidence for the Theogamy:

– the inscription claims that Amun ‘prophesized the birth of Hatshepsut at a council of the gods;

– Amun disguised as Thutmose I and visited Queen Ahmose; the inscription reads (paragraph 196):

“Utterance of Amun-Re, lord of Thebes, presider over Karnak: He made his form like the majesty of this husband, the King Aa Kheper Ka Ra (Thutmose I’s throne name). He found her as she slept in the beauty of her palace. She waked at the fragrance of the god, which she smelled in the presence of his Majesty. He went to her immediately, coivit cum ea (lit. ‘had sex with her’), he imposed his desire upon her, he caused that she should see him in his form of a god. When he came before her, she rejoiced at the sight of his beauty, his love passed into her limbs, which the fragrance of the god flooded; all his odors were from Punt”;

– the queen is then informed by Amun that she has conceived a daughter by him; the inscription reads (paragraph 198):

“Utterance of Amun, Lord of the Two Lands, before her: “Khnemet-Amun-Hatshepsut (her full birth name: ‘United with Amun, the Foremost of Ladies’) shall be the name of this my daughter, whom I have placed in thy body, this saying which comes out of thy mouth. She shall exercise the excellent kingship in this whole land. My soul is hers, my bounty is hers, my crown is hers, that she may rule the Two Lands, that she may lead all the living … “;

– Amun instructs the god Khnum, who was thought to be the creator of flesh, to make the baby and its Ka on his potter’s wheel. The reliefs show Khnum being helped by his consort divinity, the frog-headed Hekt;

– the royal baby and its Ka are depicted in the likeness of a boy, complete with male genitalia;

– the instruction text reads (paragraph 200):

“Utterance of Amun, presider over Karnak: “Go, to make her, together with her Ka, from these limbs which are in me; go, to fashion her better than all gods; shape for me, this my daughter, whom I have begotten. I have given to her all life and satisfaction, all stability, all joy of heart from me, all offerings, and all bread, like Re, forever”;

– Queen Ahmose was led off by Khnum and Hekt to give birth; she was attended by Bes and Taweret (the hippopotamus-like divinity that protected childbirth);

– the newborn child was given the symbols of life, power and protection, before being presented to her ‘father’ Amun;

Complete English translation of the reliefs: https://www.u.arizona.edu/~afutrell/w%20civ%2002/birthofhat.html

All five Pharaonic names of Thutmose I and Hatshepsut:

https://pharaoh.se/pharaoh/Thutmose-I

https://pharaoh.se/pharaoh/Hatshepsut

Thutmose III depicted on the 7th pylon of the Amun temple at Karnak, smiting enemies

Thutmose III holding a hedj Club and a sekhem scepter, while standing before two obelisks

Thutmose III wearing the atef crown

The ‘tekhen waty’ (unique obelisk) of Thutmose III was transported to Rome, following a decision made by Emperor Constantine I and materialized by Constantius II in 357 CE. Initially, it stood in Circus Maximus; it then collapsed and it was covered by the mud (in the 5th c.). Finally, it was restored in the 1580s and erected in front of the Archbasilica of St. John Lateran with the addition of a cross atop of it. The acquisition of the obelisks erected by Thutmose III was of particularly notable interest for the religious authorities of Roman and Constantinopolitan Christianity; Theodosius ordered the shipment (390 CE) of another obelisk, which was initially built by Thutmose III, to Constantinople; it was installed in the Hippodrome.

Amenhotep II shown at the Temple of Amada, 180 km south of Aswan, near the Lake Nasser

Thutmose IV wearing the blue crown; grandfather of Akhenaten, he actively supported the rise of the monotheistic solar ideology, therefore receiving many unjust comments and insults by the fanatic priests of Amun – something that his grandson explicitly stated, denounced and regretted.

The famous Dream Stele of Thutmose IV; the pharaoh built the monument after having slept between the paws of the Great Sphinx; the text shows an extraordinary increase in terms of solar cult and spirituality.

Amenhotep III, predecessor and father of Akhenaten

Akhenaten and Nefertiti with their children under the blessings of Aten whose benediction takes the form of solar rays ending in hands that hold Ankh, the symbol of spiritual life and potency

Akhenaten depicted as a sphinx on a relief unearthed in his capital Akhetaton, i.e. the modern Tell el Amarna (or Amarna)

Akhenaten wearing the Egyptian Blue Crown of War

The legendary statue of Akhenaten that triggered endless scholarly discussions about the (radically different from the Classical Ancient Egyptian Art) Amarna Naturalism and the eventuality of particular health problems of the great monotheist pharaoh

Typical boundary stele from Akhetaton / Amarna, the monotheistic capital of Akhenaten in Middle Egypt (not far from Al Minia)

Akhetaton / Amarna, the Temple of Aten

Akhetaton / Amarna, the northern palace

Akhetaton/Amarna, diagram and reconstruction of the royal quarters

Akhetaton/Amarna: general view

The typical practice of the days of Akhenaten: the Amun name was erased from wherever it was written. Stela of Djeserka (full name: Djeserkareseneb / Djeser-ka-re-seneb), a temple doorkeeper at Karnak, Thebes

Design from the wall paintings of the tomb of Meryre II, royal scribe, steward, and overseer of the two treasuries, at Akhetaton/Amarna; in the royal year 12, Akhenaten is depicted as receiving tributes, while sitting on the throne and being blessed by the rays of Aten. About: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meryre_II and https://open.library.ubc.ca/cIRcle/collections/ubccommunityandpartnerspublicati/52387/items/1.0422133

Akhenaten and Nefertiti make offerings to Aten; from a limestone stela in the Museum of Cairo

The successors of Akhenaten proved to be unable to outmaneuver the Amun polytheist conspiracy against the monotheist state that was based in Akhetaten; relief with an unidentified royal couple that may very well be either Smenkhkare & Meritaten (Akhenaten’s first successor and his wife) or Tutankhamun & Ankhesenamun

Backing of the golden throne of Tutankhamun; the pharaoh and his wife Ankhesenamun are depicted as blessed by the rays of Aten, before the Amun polytheist restoration; at the time, they were respectively named Tutankhaten and Ankhes-enpa-Aten

Tutankhamun and Ankhesenamun

Tutankhamun depicted on a chariot, participating in a military campaign

Tutankhamun holding the Pharaonic insignia

From a wall painting of the burial chamber of KV62 (the tomb of Tutankhamun): Tutankhamun and his Ka (standing behind him) embrace Osiris (in the left part of the picture); the deceased pharaoh greets Nut (in the central part); on the right side, the treacherous polytheist priest of Amun Ay performs the ceremony of the Opening of the Mouth for the dead of the eventually assassinated Tutankhamun, who is depicted as Osiris. Ay had first forced Tutankhamun to restore the polytheistic religion of the Theban Trinity and then, after the young pharaoh’s death or assassination, he was proclaimed as pharaoh. About the Theban tombs: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Theban_tombs / https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theban_Necropolis / https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theban_Necropolis

Ay’s royal names on a faience plate

Ay’s main ally against the monotheist state proclaimed by Akhenaten was Horemheb, an ignorant and fanatic soldier of socially low status; with the support of the polytheist clergy of Amun, he succeeded Ay and he ruled Egypt, launching a White Terror against the monotheists and dividing the country irrevocably. With the divisive and tyrannical rule of Horemheb, we observe in Egypt conditions similar to those described in the Bible, involving oppression, persecution, hatred and ignominy. Here, on the 10th pylon of the temple of Amun in Karnak, he is depicted as making offerings to Amun.

Wepwawet wolf-god of war & death, giving scepters to Seti I; relief from Seti I’s temple at Abedju (Abydos); second pharaoh of the 19th dynasty, Seti I was a particularly cruel pharaoh, who proved to be very heinous against the monotheists.

Ramesses II seems to have been a monotheist ruler who reigned over Kemet in an alliance with part of the then powerful polytheist priesthood. Enormous statue of Ramesses II from the first peristyle court of the Amun temple at Luxor; Ramesses II was the most important ruler of the 19th dynasty and one of the longest reigning monarchs in World History. He undertook an excessive project of constructions that absorbed all of the country’s resources and exhausted the population; this was his method of keeping the people busy, unfree and unable to react to the polytheist regime. He is the first of the two pharaohs related to the Exodus narrative.

Diorite statue of Ramesses II from Thebes, today in the Museo Egizio of Turin

Merenptah offering to Ptah; during his reign, the monotheist Egyptians and the Hebrews left Egypt, crossing the Red Sea

Second ruler of the 20th dynasty, Ramesses III was a staunch monotheist, who did not challenge the religious prevalence of the polytheists; but his reign was filled with exploits that damaged irreversibly the plans of the polytheists to take control over Egypt. In this relief from the Temple of Khonsu at Karnak, Ramesses III makes an offering.

Ramses III offering incense, wall painting from his tomb (KV11) in the Kings Valley, Luxor West

Ramesses III makes an oath to Isis; from the tomb of the Prince Amunher khepeshef

The three victories of Ramesses III against the Sea Peoples was Egypt’s greatest gift to Mankind and foremost contribution to World History. Following these developments, the historical role of Egypt had already been completed. From the pylon of Ramesses III’s mortuary temple at Medinet Habu (Luxor West): Ramesses III presents his victory over the Sea Peoples to Amun.

Design of the reliefs and the texts of the Northern Wall (outer side) of Ramesses III’s mortuary temple at Medinet Habu: Ramses III in the Battle of Djahy (one of the battles against the Sea Peoples)

From the Medinet Habu reliefs: severed hands of the defeated Sea Peoples. This was indeed a splendid gift to the civilized world and a most demanded punishment of the incestuous barbarians who intended to plunge the Mankind into lawlessness, non-violence, fornication, sodomy, and polytheism.

IV. Serabit al Khadim and the Temple of Hathor: a Major Egyptian Site

Abu Zanimah is situated at ca. 170 km south of Suez on the western coastland of what we mistakenly call today the ‘Sinai Peninsula’. Reaching this place, one has crossed more than half the distance between Suez and Sharm el Sheikh (290 km), which is the most famous resort in the wider region. Approximately 40 km east of Abu Zanimah is located the major archaeological site in the region, i.e. Serabit al Khadim (سرابيط الخادم/lit. ‘the standing rocks of the servant’).

This appellation concerns the presence of a large number of rock blocks, each of which was called ‘sarbut’, meaning ‘the standing rock’ (‘serabit’ being the plural). The name of the servant, who was associated with them, reflects the statues scattered inside the temple, which represented (or were viewed as) ‘servants’ for the residents of the old. This is how the name came into existence. There are many other important sites and monuments in the wider region, involving fortifications, caves, turquoise mines, smaller temples, and numerous inscriptions.

Serabit al Khadim: the Standing Rocks of the Servant

Hathor capital

Serabit al Khadim as presented in the Ordnance Survey that was undertaken by Sir John Pakington in 1869; about: https://discovered.ed.ac.uk/discovery/fulldisplay?vid=44UOE_INST:44UOE_VU2&tab=Everything&docid=alma996335823502466&lang=en&context=L&query=creator,exact,Feis,%20Herbert,%201893-1972.

Reliefs and hieroglyphic inscriptions

Drawing made during the famous Prussian Expedition to Egypt in 1842-1845; the academic mission was led by the renowned Karl Richard Lepsius, one of the ‘Fathers of Modern Egyptology’. About: https://en.qantara.de/content/egypt-expedition-1842-a-prussian-tour-to-the-land-of-the-pharaohs

The Hathor temple, a diagram

The existence of the great temple of Hathor at Serabit al Khadim demonstrates that this place was a major center of Ancient Egyptian monotheistic cult. The temple was initially excavated by Sir Flinders Petrie in the very first years of the 20th c. and subsequently explored by different groups of archaeologists and epigraphists. The temple dates back to the Middle Kingdom (early 2nd millennium BCE); Hathor was often symbolized as a cow to reflect the aspect of divine fertility, but basically her name means ‘the House of Horus’. For this reason, her cult was regularly associated with that of Isis, who was believed to be ‘Mother’ to Horus (the Ancient Egyptian concept of Messiah), according to the Iwnw Heliopolitan doctrine of Ennead, i.e. one of the staunchest monotheist faiths in Ancient Egypt. As a matter of fact, the two divine hypostases (Isis and Hathor) were often identified with one another. About:

https://www.mindat.org/loc-228179.html

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Ancient_Egypt_map-hiero.svg

https://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/serabit.htm

https://www.lonelyplanet.com/egypt/sinai/attractions/serabit-al-khadim/a/poi-sig/1499861/355260

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serabit_el-Khadim

https://www.brown.edu/Departments/Joukowsky_Institute/courses/templesandtombs/8515.html

https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-route-succoth.htm

The Road to Succoth

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tjaru

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Habuwa

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walls_of_the_Ruler

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadi_Maghareh

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hathor

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horus

It makes therefore sense to identify the majestic temple (built at the extraordinary elevation of 850 m above sea level, which is a unique case in Ancient Egypt) and its astounding surroundings as a major center of Egyptian monotheism. Actually, for more than 1500 years before the rise of Atenism, the two main Ancient Egyptian dogmas, namely the Heliopolitan Ennead and the Khemenu Hermupolitan Ogdoad, were definitely monotheistic in the conceptualization and description of the spiritual and the material universes. In opposition to them stood the Ptah Memphitic dogma, Egypt’s central polytheistic faith, and after the beginning of the 16th c. BCE, the Amun Trinity, which was a theological system composed in order to constitute the imperial religion propagated from Thebes of Egypt (Niwt).

The strong presence of Egyptian monotheists in Serabit al Khadim is also confirmed by the construction of a temple of Aten, which may have been still operational after the Amun polytheist restoration in the Valley of the Nile.    

https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/x30546

https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/Y_EA14953

There is another crucial confirmation of the monotheistic character of the Ancient Egyptian settlement at Serabit al Khadim, in spite of the undeniable presence of a small temple dedicated to Ptah that was also excavated there; in any case, contrasting priesthoods coexisted almost always in Ancient Egypt, of course in incessant strife against one another. This issue has to do with something that many specialists observed, studied, published, but never explained. The majestic location is also known for the numerous samples of the so-called Proto-Sinaitic script that are found there. This early alphabetic system is documented due to ca. 40 inscriptions or fragments noticed in the surroundings of the Hathor Temple.

Proto-Sinaitic inscriptions

Proto-Sinaitic inscriptions n. 345, 374 and 353

Birth of the Proto-Sinaitic alphabet at Wadi el Hol and Serabit al Khadim

Proto-Sinaitic script on the Sphinx found in Serabit al Khadim

This is an early Canaanite script that seems to be at the very origin of the Phoenician, Hebrew, Aramaic and Greek alphabets from one side, and of the Ancient Yemenite (mistakenly called ‘South Arabian’) script from the other side. The samples are dated in the 1st half of the 2nd millennium BCE (mainly in the period 1800-1600 BCE); they corresponded to a Northwest Semitic language from which seem to originate those of the Ancient Canaanites, the Phoenicians, and the Ancient Hebrews. As texts, the inscriptions of Serabit al Khadim are mainly votive, and they were found among hieroglyphic and hieratic inscriptions. About:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Sinaitic_script

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula

Although not abundant, the material record enables us to comprehend what truly was happening in the Hathor Temple. Due to the apparent presence of numerous foreign workers of Northwest Semitic origin, some priestly scribes of the temple decided to introduce a new, relatively easy, writing system among the foreigners. This would closely associate these people with the Hathor priesthood, facilitate the priestly control of them, and finally turn these populations into tools of regional influence; this is so because some of these workers could be dispatched among the tiny Canaanite kingdoms of the 1st half of the 2nd millennium BCE as agents. In fact, during the 18th dynasty (1600-1300 BCE), we observe exactly this type of relationship between Egypt and the various Canaanite tributary princes whose correspondence with the pharaoh has been made known with the discovery of the Amarna Letters.    

Saying that we attest in the Serabit al Khadim Hathor Temple around 1700 BCE the preparatory work for what we find in the Egyptian colonies in South Canaan 250 years later may be an understatement. During the Second Intermediate Period of Egypt (1783-1540 BCE) and, more particularly, throughout the time of the notorious 15th dynasty (the Hekau Khasut/Hyksos Kings: 1650-1550 BCE), the wider region around may have been an extraterritorial entity totally out of the hands of the evil and blasphemous kings of Avaris, who were named after the Ancient Egyptian name for Satan (Apep/Apophis). About:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyksos

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avaris

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apepi

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apep

At this point, I want to totally reject the unsubstantiated theory of Lina Eckenstein (1857-1931), a pseudo-scientific figure who worked for some time as assistant of the famous English Egyptologist Sir Flinders Petrie; just impressed by the superb site and backed by her skills as failed astrologer and disqualified soothsayer, she claimed that Serabit al Khadim was the location where Moses obtained the Two Tablets with the Ten Commandments. There is nothing in support of this absurd idea. About: Serabit el Khadim, Hathor, Moses, Mount Sinai and the Exodus

https://whatmakespeopletick.blogspot.com/2016/06/serabit-el-khadim-hathor-moses-mount.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lina_Eckenstein

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablets_of_Stone

The undeniable fact is however that Biaw (as the Ancient Egyptians named the land that we now mistakenly call ‘Sinai Peninsula’) was administratively considered as an extension of the 14th nome (‘province’) of the Lower Egypt, which was known as the ‘easternmost land’ (‘heneti iabti’; ḫntỉ-ỉꜣbtỉ). This is therefore in evident agreement with the Biblical reference to the land Goshen (where the Ancient Hebrews had settled), which has been identified by many specialists as the northeastern extremities of the Delta. About: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nome_(Egypt)

So, we can conclude that it is absolutely misplaced to locate the Crossing of the Red Sea in any of the first four among the five aforementioned alternatives, because in each of those cases, the departing Ancient Hebrews would cross a body of water after which the land would still be part of Egypt. There is in fact only one land toward which the Ancient Hebrews would go without having the fear to find there Egyptian soldiers, officers and Pharaonic administrators: outside Egypt. This means that the Exodus must have most probably taken place from Serabit al Khadim to the southernmost confines of what we call today ‘Sinai Peninsula’ around Sharm el Sheikh, namely any location between the promontories Ras Muhammad and Ras Nasrani.

Then, to offer a plausible answer to all those, who stick to the point that the Biblical Masoretic text mentions ‘yam suph’, which means ‘the Sea of Reeds’ (and not the ‘Red Sea’), one can very reasonably dissociate the Exodus event from the Eastern Delta regions and associate it with the Tiran straits, by merely stating that there may have been reeds in the Tiran straits at the time. Nature has changed significantly over the past 3250 years.

About:  

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ras_Muhammad_National_Park

https://www.tutu.ru/geo/egypt/kurort/ras-nasrani/

https: snorkelaroundtheworld com/2022/08/ras-nasrani-snorkeling/

V. Straits of Tiran: Red Sea Crossing, World Politics, and Moses’ Formidable Double Stratagem

We can therefore conclude that the only plausible itinerary that the Ancient Hebrews and the Egyptian monotheists made after crossing the Straits of Tiran involved the following:

a- wandering through the NW extremities of the Hejaz (in today’s Saudi Arabia);

b- passing by Jabal al-Lawz (جبل اللوز) and Jabal al Maqla (جبل مقلة; lit. ‘burnt mountain’) that several explorers and authors, like Ron Wyatt, Lennart Möller and Bob Cornuke, identified as the Biblical and Quranic Mount Sinai; at this point, I have to add that quite pointlessly several academics, like James K. Hoffmeier, attempted to refute the conclusions drawn by those explorers, without however bringing serious arguments to the forefront of the discussion;

c- crossing certain parts of the Land Midian (מִדְיָן; مدين; Μαδιάμ), which was named after a son of Abraham; I have to herewith add that the Land Midian was quite well known to Moses himself, because according to the Biblical and Quranic sources, the leader of the monotheists, long before the Exodus, had to escape there alone, lest the pharaoh did not kill him (which automatically lets us understand that Moses had a certain experience in crossing those frontiers); and

d- advancing through parts of today’s South Jordan and South Israel, i.e. the Negev desert (הַנֶּגֶב; ٱلنقب; ἔρημος); it must be noted that the modern use of the term covers a slightly different region than the Biblical term. About:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straits_of_Tiran

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiran_Island

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midian

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabal_al-Lawz

https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/جبل_اللوز

https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/جبل_مقلة

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabal_Maqla

Jebel Al-Lawz

https://biblearchaeology.org/research/exodus-from-egypt/4217-thoughts-on-jebel-allawz-as-the-location-of-mount-sinai

https://www.dangerousroads.org/asia/arabian-peninsula/6495-jabal-al-lawz.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Wyatt

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lennart_M%C3%B6ller

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Cornuke

https://baseinstitute.org/pages/mt-sinai

https://www amazon com/Explore-Life-Searching-Locations-Bible/dp/B07WHFC7RM/ref=sr_1_5?qid=1694881140&refinements=p_27%3ABob+Cornuke&s=books&sr=1-5

“The Search for the Real Mount Sinai” w/ Bob Cornuke

https://www youtube com/watch?v=bE_dKLz-v6k

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_K._Hoffmeier

https://wyattmuseum.com/discovering/mt-sinai

https nypost com/2021/10/02/archaeologist-claims-mount-sinai-found-in-saudi-arabia/

https://www.tovresearch.com/exodus.html

https doubtingthomasresearch com/

(Jim and Penny Caldwell) https://www.splitrockresearch.org/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses_in_Islam

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses_in_Islam#Escape_to_Midian_and_Marriage

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_and_Quranic_narratives#Moses_(M%C5%ABs%C4%81)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negev

Spending 40 years to cross these arid lands and circumferences, the monotheists, who followed Moses, in reality, carried out a unique double stratagem; in fact, they left Egypt in the last years of Merenptah’s reign (1213-1203 BCE), and most probably after the early clash between Egypt and the Sea Peoples, namely the Battle of Perire (1208 BCE) during which the Egyptian army managed to disperse the alliance made between the Berbers (Libyans) and the Sea Peoples. The deep religious division that characterized Egypt and the persecution that had taken place totally destabilized the country, which resulted in fanatic polytheists as monarchs and in conspiring viziers, priests, administrators and generals.

This situation became evident after Merenptah’s death, when Seti II (1203-1197 BCE), Amenmesse (as usurper; 1201-1198 BCE), (Seti II’s consort) Tausret (1197-1189; she ruled in reality only after Siptah’s death, but her rule ended in civil war), and Siptah (1197-1191 BCE) ruled in chaotic conditions gravely endangering Egypt’s existence. This means that neither the staunch monotheists’ survival in Egypt was guaranteed nor the very existence of the state promised. The menacing horizon could eventually turn the land of civilization into an inferno of barbarism, if the Sea Peoples won at the battlefield and invaded Egypt. If this occurred, the staunch monotheists under Moses should not be there, but preserve themselves intact in another location. Even more so, because Tausret seems to have been identical with Thuoris (Θούωρις), “who” -as specified by Manetho {Aigyptiaca; Fr. 55 (from Syncellus) According to Africanus}- “in Homer is called Polybus, husband of Alcandra, and in whose time Troy was taken, reigned for 7 years”.

When Setnakhte (1189-1186 BCE), founder of the 20th dynasty and father of Ramesses III, took power in Egypt, very little time was left to Egypt; concealed behind intensely codified Pharaonic names, the few remaining Egyptian monotheists had first to decontaminate the Egyptian army and administrative body from all the subversive agents of the polytheists, namely the Memphitic priests of Ptah and the Theban clergy of Amun, and second to demarcate clearly the polytheist clergy’s role as exclusively sacerdotal of nature with absolutely no impact on the governance of the country.

Ramesses (1186-1155 BCE) had to deliver three battles {as recorded in the inscriptions found on the walls of his mortuary temple at Medinet Habu (Luxor West) in the years 5, 8 (known as the Battle of Djahy; 1178 BCE) and 12 (known as the Battle of the Delta; 1175 BCE} of his reign to save his country and the History of Mankind. Egypt had to exercise its foremost spiritual powers and rely on the most ancient techniques of ethereal potency in order to compactly panic and horrendously confuse the barbarian attackers. So, spiritually dismantled, forcefully subdued, electrically stricken, and magnetically decomposed the defeated Sea Peoples were that they could never recover and actually their scattered parts and tribes never recovered. About:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merneptah

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Perire

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End_of_the_19th_Dynasty

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seti_II

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amenmesse

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twosret

https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Manetho/History_of_Egypt/2*.html {Fr. 56 (a) (from Syncellus) According to Eusebius}

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siptah

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setnakhte

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twentieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramesses_III

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Djahy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Delta

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_Peoples

And this shows the other half of Moses’ double stratagem; if the Pelasgians-Peleset-Philistines and the other Sea Peoples were successful in their attacks against Egypt, they would control the country, strengthening the religious force of the Memphitic and Theban polytheists (pretty much like two millennia later Charlemagne helped consolidate the power of the heretic Roman Catholic church). In such case, the Philistines would form a strong basis (a military encampment) in the southern confines of Canaan from where they would sustain their presence in Egypt. If the Philistines were defeated (as they actually were), they would apparently scatter (as they did) in the southern coast lands of Canaan, establishing primitive social structures and continuing their lives there (which is what happened).

By spending 40 years in the desert, the staunch monotheists, who followed Moses, took some distance, and gave themselves space and time; thus they could observe what would happen to Egypt and to its ferocious enemies, and then act accordingly. A defeat of Egypt may have sent them back to liberate the country from the evil and barbarian Sea Peoples, but as it happened, this was not needed.

The meaning of the original text of the Exodus was modified later, when the Ancient Hebrew kingdoms needed legends and epics to establish their monarchical ideology and to give themselves the role of the ‘chosen people’, which was the quintessence of the Assyrian imperial universalism, monotheistic dogma, messianic vocation, and eschatological belief. Duly Canaanized, the descendants of the Egyptian and the Hebrew monotheists, who followed Moses in the desert, became a ‘nation’ like the rest and the polytheistic rituals were only one aspect of their spiritual fornication. That is why it is difficult to understand the Biblical prophets: because the Egyptian past of the Ancient Hebrews was methodically de-contextualized long before this populace attributed to themselves a role invented by others in Mesopotamia, and not in Egypt.

But it is only due to this interpretation that Hosea (Ὡσηὲ) becomes meaningful (7:11): “And Ephraim was as a silly dove, not having a heart: he called to Egypt, and they went to the Assyrians” (καὶ ἦν Ἐφραὶμ ὡς περιστερὰ ἄνους οὐχ ἔχουσα καρδίαν· Αἴγυπτον ἐπεκαλεῖτο καὶ εἰς Ἀσσυρίους ἐπορεύθησαν).

VI. Iranians, Macedonians, Aramaeans, Romans: Reasons for the Confusion about the True Location of Mount Sinai

The confusion, which later covered the topic of the true location of Mount Sinai, has much to do with the numerous divisions (Cushitic-Sudanese pharaohs of the 25th dynasty vs. Berber-Libyan pharaohs of the 26th dynasty) and the various, successive conquests of Egypt (Assyrian, Iranian, Macedonian, and Roman), the loss of the largest part of Ancient Hebrews (conquest of Samaria by Sargon/Sharrukin II and transportation of the entire population of Ancient Israel, i.e. the ten tribes, to the northeastern provinces of Assyria; 721-718 BCE), the extensive destructions that took place during the conquest of Judah, namely the remaining two tribes, and Jerusalem (589-586 BCE) by the Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar, and the overwhelming transformation of the Ancient Hebrew religion into ‘Judaism’ during the Achaemenid times (550-330 BCE).

As a matter of fact, the very last indication that we have about Ancient Hebrews remembering correctly the location of Mount Sinai (or Horeb) is found in III Kings 19:8 (in modern English translations, such as NIV: I Kings 19:8); Elijah needed indeed ’40 days and 40 nights’ in order to reach the location (“So he got up and ate and drank. Strengthened by that food, he traveled forty days and forty nights until he reached Horeb, the mountain of God”; “καὶ ἀνέστη καὶ ἔφαγε καὶ ἔπιε· καὶ ἐπορεύθη ἐν ἰσχύϊ τῆς βρώσεως ἐκείνης τεσσαράκοντα ἡμέρας καὶ τεσσαράκοντα νύκτας ἕως ὄρους Χωρήβ”).

The most probable reason for the ensued confusion must be the fact that the long duration of the Iranian, Macedonian (: mainly Ptolemaic) and Roman occupation and administration of Egypt involved also the annexation and government of Palestine (or Judea) by the said empires; this resulted in new demarcation lines, administrative changes, and transfer of lands from one province to another, as different parameters weighed in to improve the local governance and the province functionality or also cross-province functionality. The aforementioned changes that impacted the topic of our research (namely the confusion about the exact location of the Biblical Mount Sinai/Horeb) concern basically two issues:

-the ‘Sinai Peninsula’ (to use the modern name of the region) started being viewed as part of Palestine (and at times, of ‘Arabia Petraea’: see below), and not of Egypt;

-the demarcation of boundaries between Palestine (at times called Judea) and Arabia Petraea varied from time to time. In this regard, several changes were not accepted unanimously, more particularly because they were meaningless to different people. Consequently, these changes were not reflected in their historical sources.

With the importance that the Gulf of Suez and the Gulf of Aqaba acquired for the Achaemenid Empire and following the circumnavigation of the Arabian Peninsula, the ‘Sinai Peninsula’ became an important region for the transportation of trade (and eventually army) from the Persian Gulf to Egypt and vice versa.

With the increased role that the Aramaean merchants acquired within and beyond the borders of Iran, we observe a growing number of Aramaean trade colonies being established across the vast trade network that we nowadays conventionally call ‘the Silk-, Spice- and Perfume-Routes across Lands, Deserts and Seas’. This does not only concern the famous caravan cities, like Hatra, Nasibin (Nisibis), Urhoy/Urfa (Edessa of Osrhoene), Tadmor (Palmyra), Dura Europos, Rekem/Petra, some of which were the capital cities of rather short-lived kingdoms; it also involves the foundation of new cities like Qena (Kaine; Καινή), an Aramaean outpost in Upper Egypt, Gerrha (Γέρρα), a major Chaldean Aramaean entrepôt and port of call in the Persian Gulf (ca. 100 km west of Abu Dhabi in today’s UAE coast land), which rivaled with or even surpassed Alexandria in wealth, and Ptolemais Theron (Islamic times’ Suakin / Sawakin), a Ptolemaic colony in Sudan’s Red Sea coast land (east of the continental kingdom of Cush that had Meroe as capital).

These developments ushered the local people into a totally new world, which was highly interconnected, markedly multicultural, and open to new faiths, mysticisms, cults and interpretations; however, within a shell of universality, interdependence and cohabitation, many atrocities could happen and did actually happen.

The Egyptian Ptolemaic control over Sinai was not the first period during which the southern parts of Canaan and the Sinai Peninsula were parts of Kemet (: the most common name of Ancient Egypt in Egyptian hieroglyphics meant ‘the Black Land’); however, it was the first time when so many non-Egyptians were present and active in those regions: Iranians, Aramaeans, Yemenites and some Arabs. The entire area had a major strategic role as it was the borderland between Egypt and Seleucid Syria, a mighty opponent. Leaving aside the periods of Assyrian and Iranian occupation of Egypt, the Ptolemaic-Seleucid conflict was a real historical ‘remake’ of the Hittite-Egyptian rivalry.

This situation triggered the inception of the Aramaean Nabataean kingdom (3rd c. BCE – 106 CE), which -with capital at Rekem/Petra (Πέτρα) and necropolis at Hegra (Έγρα; ٱلْحِجْر) / Mada’in Saleh (مَدَائِن صَالِح)- controlled a sizeable territory including the northwestern confines of today’s Saudi Arabia (Hegra is located 560 km south of Petra and only 360 km north of Medina), the southern half of the modern kingdom of Jordan, and occasionally the eastern part of the Sinai Peninsula and the southern half of the state of Israel. It is noteworthy that, even without a proper kingdom in their hands, the indomitable Nabataean Aramaeans were able to inflict a very humiliating defeat on the Macedonian general Antigonus I Monophthalmus (the ‘one-eyed’) in 312 BCE (during the Third War of the Diadochi), when the inconsiderate combatant had adventured in the whereabouts of Petra.  

Rekem / Petra

Rekem / Petra

Rekem / Petra

Hegra / Mada’in Saleh

Hegra / Mada’in Saleh

The Nabataean kingdom played an important role in the increased trade between Alexandria and India, and if we believe the comparisons made by the partially pro-Roman Strabo, it had an even more significant position in the dramatically increased trade between Rome and China in the first decades after Octavian’s invasion and annexation of Egypt. The transformation of Egypt into a Roman province (30 BCE), the end of the Hasmonean kingdom of Herod the Great (37-4 BCE), and the short-lived Herodian Tetrarchy (4 BCE – 44 CE) only accentuated the importance of the Nabataeans, who accumulated great wealth due to the control of a part of the trade with the East that they were able to undertake.

The Roman conquest of Jerusalem (70 CE) in particular, the three Roman-Jewish wars in general {namely the First Roman-Jewish War (66-73 CE), the Second Roman-Jewish War (also known as Tumultus Iudaicus or the Kitos War, after the name of the Berber Roman general Lusius Quietus/Λούσιος Κυήτος, who was the 11th legate of Judaea; 115-117 CE), and the Bar Kokhba revolt (132-136 CE)}, and the ensued stupendous destructions, involving the death, the enslavement, and the dispersion of a great number of Jews, also contributed to the lack of knowledge (and therefore confusion) about the location of the Biblical Mount Sinai.

As a matter of fact, the Nabataean kingdom was imperatively mentioned in the leading historical source about the trade between Alexandria, East Africa, Yemen, Iran, India, the Deccan, and China, namely the Periplus of the Red Sea (Περίπλους της Ερυθράς Θαλάσσης; also known as the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea), which was written during the second half of the 1st c. CE by an anonymous Egyptian Alexandrian captain and merchant; the text details the navigation, the trade, the local societies, kingdoms, and ports of call, as well as the climatological imperatives throughout the Eastern coast of Africa (down to today’s Darussalam in Tanzania), the coasts of Arabia, Yemen, Iran, India and the Deccan, and up to Chryse (lit. ‘the Golden’, i.e. Indonesia) and China. In its 19th paragraph, the Periplus of the Red Sea mentions the Aramaean Nabataean king Maliku (Malichus II):  

“Now to the left of Berenice, sailing for two or three days from Mussel Harbor eastward across the adjacent gulf, there is another harbor and fortified place, which is called White Town, from which there is a road to Petra, which is subject to Malichas, King of the Nabataeans. It holds the position of a market-town for the small vessels sent there from Arabia; and so a centurion is stationed there as a collector of one-fourth of the merchandise imported, with an armed force, as a garrison”.

In the beginning of the 2nd c. CE, it became very clear that the Nabataean profit meant expensive products for Rome; following the death of Rabbel II (106 CE), Roman army was dispatched from Syria (the Sixth Ferrata legion) and Egypt (the Third Cyrenaica legion) to terminate the local structure and annex the territory. After invading Bosra (Βόστρα) and Petra, the Romans advanced in the south down to Hegra, also putting Leuke Kome (Λευκή Κώμη; White Town) under control. The events took place shortly before Trajan’s expeditions against Parthia (Arsacid Iran), during which (114-117 CE) Trajan proved to be the only Roman emperor to have reached the western shore of the Caspian Sea and the creek of the Persian Gulf in person.

Roman Empire around 125 CE

It was then (107-110 CE) that, during the tenure (106-116 CE) of the Greek Pontic Gaius Claudius Severus as the first governor of the new Roman province, the Via Traiana Nova (‘Trajan’s New Road’) was constructed to link Bosra and Petra with Aelana (modern Eilat in Israel and Aqaba in Jordan), and the Limes Arabicus (the desert frontier of the Roman Empire) was demarcated, involving the building of fortresses and watchtowers. The ultimate consequence of all these developments was the inception of the Roman province of Arabia Petraea.

Last, an even greater change, which took place as a consequence of the Roman annexation of the Nabataean kingdom, was the introduction of the Bostran Era, which was a lunisolar calendar that started on 22nd March 106 CE. The names of the months corresponded to those of the ancient Macedonian calendar, but the existing documentation (in Aramaic, Nabataean, Arabic and Alexandrian Koine) preserved mostly the Aramaean Nabataean equivalents. Furthermore, the Bostran Era was the calendar of all the Arab and Yemenite Christians in pre-Islamic times; it was still in use at least 100 years after the Hijri calendar was introduced among Muslims, in spite of the explicit rebuttal of the lunisolar calendars by prophet Muhammad (a position that was due to the fact that these calendars necessitate intercalary months).  

Petra became the capital of the Roman province ‘Arabia Petraea’ (106 CE); initially, this province incorporated lands of Syria south of Damascus, the western part of Jordan, the Sinai Peninsula, and the NW confines of Saudi Arabia. The part between Petra and Bosra was the true center of gravitation in the new province; major cities or urban centers involved notably Philadelphia (today’s Amman), Gerasa (Jerash/ جرش; Γέρασα), etc. At the time, the Roman Province Judea still existed, but it was merged with Syria in 135 CE. Arabia Petraea remained a province of the Roman Empire and later the Eastern Roman Empire for more than 600 years, being a rather peaceful frontier zone.

Following a local rebellion, under Septimius Severus (193-211 CE), the Roman province of Syria was divided into three parts, namely Syria-Coele, Syria-Phoenice, and Syria-Palestina (Palaestina); this surely increased the importance of Arabia Petraea, taken into consideration the rivalry of the two provinces that had already lasted for a century. The Roman Emperor even enlarged the territory of the loyal province.

Later, during the process of restructuring of the Roman Empire under Diocletian (284-305 CE), the southern part of the province of Arabia Petraea was transferred to Syria-Palestina; it then became a division of the ‘Diocese of the East’ (Dioecesis Orientis), which was a major component of the Praetorian prefecture of the Orient (Praefectura Praetorio Orientis; Ἔπαρχότητα / ὑπαρχία τῶν πραιτωρίων τῆς ἀνατολῆς). Last, during the 4th c., Palestina was divided into three sections, namely Palaestina Prima, Palaestina Secunda, and Palaestina Salutaris (or Tertia), which incorporated the Sinai Peninsula. Arabia was then shrunk into a small piece of land between Bosra and Philadelphia (Amman). Petra was included in Palaestina Salutaris.

Diocese of the East – Dioecesis Orientis, ca. 400 CE

Praetorian Prefectures, and the Praetorian prefecture of the Orient

Palaestina Prima, Palaestina Secunda, and Palaestina Salutaris (or Tertia)

Subsequently, the confusion about the geographical and administrative terms ‘Egypt’, ‘Palestine’, and ‘Arabia’ was plain and the uncertainly about the correct location of the Biblical Mount Sinai was absolute. For this reason, the Tiran Island (جزيرة تيران; יוטבת; Ἰωτάβη; Iotapa) was represented Council of Chalcedon (451 CE) by bishop Macarius whose diocese belonged to the Eastern Roman province Palestina Tertia (and not to Arabia or Egypt). The same is valid for bishop Anastasius of Iotapa, who participated in the Council of Jerusalem (536 CE). It was an absurdity that the Tiran Island (Iotabe) was considered to be part of ‘Palestine’ and at the same time, the Sinai Mountain was believed to be located where it is thought to be today, but the confused minds of the people of those days were not able to discern it.

The Tiran straits

About:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabataean_Kingdom

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigonid%E2%80%93Nabataean_confrontations

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert_of_Paran

Philip Mayerson, The Pharanitai in Sinai and in Egypt {The Bulletin of the American Society of Papyrologists Vol. 47 (2010), pp. 225-229 (5 pages)}

https://www.jstor.org/stable/24519797

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodian_kingdom

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodian_tetrarchy#See_also

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(70_CE)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War#Aftermath

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitos_War

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lusius_Quietus

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_wars

https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Periplus_of_the_Erythraean_Sea#Periplus

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbel_II_Soter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosra

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajan#Nabataean_annexation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leuke_Kome

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Via_Traiana_Nova

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Claudius_Severus

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limes_Arabicus

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia_Petraea

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Roman_Empire_125_political_map.svg

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bostran_era

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasi%27

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_the_East

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Late_Roman_provinces#Diocese_of_Oriens

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiran_Island#Ancient_history_-_Iotabe

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem_(536)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaestina_Salutaris

VII. From Ptolemy’s Geography to Al Biruni’s Chronology

Writing his illustrious Geography (Γεωγραφικὴ Ὑφήγησις; lit. ‘Instruction on Geography) in the first half of the 2nd c. CE, the Egyptian geographer, astronomer and mathematician Ptolemy divided the Arabian Peninsula into three parts, namely

a- Arabia Petraea (lit. ‘Rocky Arabia’), which basically consisted in a mountainous region stretched from the Gulf of Aqaba (Ελανίτης κόλπος; Elanite Gulf) to the southern confines of Syria and Palestine (or Judaea) and from the Gulf of Suez to the desert inland (which was called Arabia Deserta); this means that it included the entire region that we now call ‘Sinai Peninsula’. Among the cities mentioned by Ptolemy, we find Petra, Gerasa, Bosra and Elana (Ελάνα; Eilat/Aqaba) in the creek of the Elanite Gulf.   

b- Arabia Deserta (Έρημος Αραβία); as per Ptolemy’s Geography, this region was located south of ‘Mesopotamia’, west of Babylonia (which is the land we now call ‘South Mesopotamia’), east of Syria, Palestine and Arabia Petraea, and north of Arabia Felix (see below); this means that this part comprised the vast interior of the peninsula, involving several deserts, namely the Najd, the Nafud, the Dahna, and the Rub’ al Khali. Arabia Deserta was therefore thought of as totally deprived of coastlands.

c- Arabia Felix (or Eudemon Arabia; Ευδαίμων Αραβία); many modern scholars identify this region with just Yemen and Hadhramaut (the former states of North and South Yemen), but this is very wrong; a careful reading of Ptolemy’s Geography enables us to fully comprehend that the term ‘Arabia Felix’ denotes the following lands:

i- the long, mountainous region stretched (alongside the Red Sea coast of the Arabian Peninsula) from the Gulf of Aqaba to the oasis of Najran, which is the northernmost part of Yemen (being currently occupied by Saudi Arabia); ca. 1400 km long and about 100-150 km wide, this zone corresponds vaguely to the geographical term Hejaz (الحجاز‎) of the Islamic times. The Arabic term denotes the ‘barrier’, meaning the mountains that separate the desert (in the east) from the Tihamah plain (in the west). This narrow and oblong plain is located between the western slopes of those mountains and the Red Sea shore;

ii- the aforementioned lands that are regularly identified as ‘Arabia Felix’ by modern scholars, namely Yemen and Hadhramaut; and

iii- the lands of the modern states of Oman, UAE, and Qatar, as well as the Saudi coast land in the Persian Gulf almost up to today’s Kuwait. However, it has to be added that these Ancient Greek and Latin terms were used to also denote the city and harbor of Aden, which was the major entrepôt and port of call throughout the Arabian Peninsula (mentioned in the paragraph 26 of the Periplus of the Red Sea as part of the then merged kingdoms of Sheba and Himyar).

It goes without saying that the Roman province of Arabia Petraea was only a small part in the north-westernmost confines of the Arabian Peninsula. Contrarily, Arabia Deserta and Arabia Felix comprised of the major chunks of the peninsula. It is quite interesting to note that Ptolemy the Geographer describes the location and details the sites (and their positions) of Arabia Petraea in the seventeenth chapter of the fifth book of his masterpiece. The Greek text is available here – on p. 68 (Lib. V, cap. 17):

Ptolemy then proceeds with the description and the details of Mesopotamia (on p. 70; Lib. V, cap. 18) and dedicates the 19th (penultimate) chapter of the 5th book to the presentation of Arabia Deserta (p. 74). The last (20th) chapter of this book concerns Babylonia, i. e. South Mesopotamia. After the end of this book, the 6th book starts with the presentation of Assyria, Media, Susiana, Persis, Parthia, and the Desert of Kerman (Καρμανία Έρημος). Then, the seventh chapter of the sixth book concerns Arabia Felix (on p. 97). I expand on the way the great scholar of the Late Antiquity classified and presented his explorations, data, studies and conclusions, because it is essential for every reader today to understand that the Earth in general and the various lands more particularly were viewed very differently at the time. About:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hejaz

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia_Felix

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia_Deserta

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia_Petraea

https://www.academia.edu/23214313/Meluhha_Gerrha_and_the_Emirates_by_Muhammad_Shamsaddin_Megalommatis

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najd

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nafud_desert

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad-Dahna_Desert

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rub%27_al_Khali

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_(Ptolemy)#Content

This is how Ptolemy the Geographer describes the confines of Arabia Petraea (§ 5.17.1):

«Arabia Petraea is bounded on the west by that part of Egypt to which we have referred; on the north by Palestina or Judaea and the part of Syria along dividing line; on the south by the inmost point of the Arabian gulf, at 63°30′ & 29°50′ and by the Heroopolite gulf from the limit of Egypt up to the Pharan promontory, which is located at 65°00′ & 28°30′ and by the near side of the Elanite gulf, until its return at 66°00′ & 29°00′ The position of Pharan Kome is .65°00′ & 28°40′ Elana Kome, which is located in the inmost recess of the bay of this name, has this position 65°50′ & 29°15’».

As I already pointed out, the Elanite Gulf is the Gulf of Aqaba; I further clarify now that the Heroopolite gulf is the Gulf of Suez. An English translation (Arabia Petraea: paragraph 5.17.1; Arabia Deserta: paragraph 5.19.1; and Arabia Felix: paragraph 6.7.1) is available here: https://topostext.org/work/209

About:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroopolite_Gulf

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert_of_Paran

https://nabataea.net/explore/founding_of_islam/ptolemy-and-mecca/

Writing no less than 850 years after Ptolemy completed his Geography, Al Biruni (البيروني; Abu Rayhan Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Biruni being his complete name; 973-1048) referred to the Exodus in his grand opus ‘Chronology’. The complete title of the majestic opus is (کتاب الآثار الباقية عن القرون الخالية/Kitab al-athar al-baqiyah ‘an al-qurun al-khaliyah) ‘the Remaining Signs of the Past Centuries’; it was completed around the year 1000. According to conventional wisdom, this masterpiece consists in a comparative investigation, discussion, and presentation of different calendars and chronological systems that were in use among people of different religions, cultures and countries.

It goes without saying that, to undertake such an enormous effort, the Chorasmian (Khawarizmi) Iranian erudite scholar Al Biruni (whose name originates from the Farsi word ‘birun’ which means ‘the periphery’ or ‘the suburbs’, thus denoting that the person was born outside an urban center) had learned and was able to read Syriac, Hebrew, Sanskrit and Greek, in addition to Farsi, Arabic, and several other Iranian and Turanian languages. To proceed to this research, Al Biruni was already highly knowledgeable in, and well acquainted with, Zoroastrianism, Hinduism, Buddhism, Christianity (involving Orthodoxy, Monophysitism/Miaphysitism, and Nestorianism), Judaism, Gnosticisms and Manichaeism. In addition, he had clearly accumulated an impressively vast documentation.

However, Al Biruni’s Chronology is much more than the display of highly valuable skills in diverse fields, such as mathematics, linguistics, astronomy, physics, history of religion, geography, ethnography, and wisdom, which is an Islamic field superior to ‘philosophy’. A brief look at the Table of Contents of his superb treatise (involving 21 chapters) is quite convincing.

Before expanding on the calendars, the months, and the festivals of the Persians, the Sogdians, the Chorasmians (Khawarizmis), the Greeks, the Jews, the Christians, the Nestorians, as well as those of the Mithraic Magi, the Sabians, the pre-Islamic Arabs, and the Muslims, Al Biruni wrote entire chapters on ‘the Derivation of the Eras from each other’, ‘the different Opinion of various Nations regarding the king called Dhu-al Qarnayn’, ‘the Nature of the Eras’, and ‘the Nature of that which is composed of Days, viz. Months and Years’. This shows that the quintessence of the Science that he served, explored and developed was totally different from what people today believe as ‘science’; this is so because for Al Biruni the material universe could not possibly exist without being fully parameterized after the spiritual universe. About:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Biruni

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Remaining_Signs_of_Past_Centuries

At the end of his 6th chapter, titled ‘On the Derivation of Eras from each other, and on the Chronological Dates, relating to the Commencements and the Durations of the Reigns of the Kings, according to the various Traditions’ (p. 87 of the book; p. 108 / 492 of the PDF, ed. C. Edward Sachau, London, 1879; see link above), Al Biruni writes the following paragraph in order to introduce a table of data, which is presented afterwards:

«The following is a synopsis of the years of their rulers, who ruled over them after their exodus from Egypt, when they marched towards Bahr al-Kulzum (the Red Sea) in order to pass it, and to Altih, a desert in Alhijaz, in the direction of Jerusalem».

The appellation Bahr al-Kulzum of the Red Sea is due to the Arabization of the Greek toponym Clysma (Κλῦσμα), which was a city and fortress (or military encampment) close to Arsinoe (today’s Suez) that was Ptolemaic and Roman Egypt’s greatest port of call in the Red Sea. During the Islamic ages, the use of the geographical term Bahr al-Kulzum differed from time to time and from author to author, meaning either the Gulf of Suez or the Red Sea down to the Straits of Bab al Mandeb.

The term «Altih desert» is a unique expression; quite interestingly, the term «التيه» (altih), including the Arabic article, is the very typical word used with respect to the desert that the Ancient Hebrews crossed after the Exodus and the Red Sea Crossing. The most interesting part of the excerpt is however Al Biruni’s firm designation of Altih desert as a location in Hejaz, not the peninsula that we call now Sinai. About:

https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/تيه

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clysma

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsinoe_(Gulf_of_Suez)

Taking into consideration both, the period in which Al Biruni lived and wrote his grand opus and his strong acquaintance with Christians and Christian historical sources, we understand that, at a time when most of the Christians believed that the Biblical Mount Sinai was located in the whereabouts of St. Catherine Monastery, the correct knowledge about the original location of the holy place was still maintained among erudite scholars. As a matter of fact, the term Hejaz was never attributed to the land we now -mistakenly- call Mount Sinai. However, extensive research is urgently demanded for the whereabouts of Jebel al Lawz in order to confirm what many explorers were already able to deduce one way or another.

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